Web3扫盲贴 – DeFi经济、L2、NFT究竟是什么关系

为什么是Web3?

本季度,我们的做法有些不同,涵盖了Web3的主要趋势,而不仅仅是DeFi。正如我们在以前的报告中所写的那样,DeFi的主要创新是集体拥有和去中心化的程序。一旦智能合约被部署,它们就会按照书面规定执行,不需要中介。这开启了整个去中心化金融应用的世界,从稳定币,到借贷,去中心化的交易所,等等。加密货币和代币不仅改变了金融和货币,也改变了创造者形成互联网原生组织以创造和分享价值的方式。Web3已经成为关于互联网应该如何架构的新经济理念代表,以及个人应该如何分享这种价值创造。

以下是Web1/2/3的定义:

DeFi

Web 1

  • 70年代和80年代的开源互联网协议,包括TCP、IP、SMTP和HTTP。
  • 以开放性和包容性的主旨设计。
  • 任何人都可以在它们的基础上建立,而不需要任何人的许可。

Web2

  • 开放源码是很难盈利的。
  • Web2的商业模式依赖于在互联网的开放协议之上建立专有的、封闭的协议。
  • 其中几家公司现在是历史上最有价值的公司,虽然我们免费使用它们,但我们不得不对出售用户数据和不透明代码的模式给予信任。

Web3

  • 类似于Web1,开放源码协议,但通过加密经济学集体拥有。
  • 独立于传统组织,代码按规定执行。
  • 重视开放源码软件,用户对数据的所有权,以及去许可的访问。
  • 创造一个共同的身份和协作意识。

Web3经济

这份报告涵盖了可验证的去中心化网络所带来的经济模式。从稳定币开始,到抵押借贷协议,再到NFT和游戏,Web3生态系统现在代表了一个广阔的生态系统,为创作者和社区提供了新的盈利方式,也为互联网本土社区提供了新的合作模式。Web3仍然是新生事物,这就是为什么我们涵盖了为从以太坊底层卸载可编程智能合约的执行而建立的新型第2层网络,以提高速度和降低交易成本。

智能合约本身是一种新的编程类型,需要勤奋和仔细的审查,以确保安全、低Gas的智能合约,减少漏洞的风险,我们在智能合约安全的部分介绍了这一点。最后,世界各地的政府和监管机构正开始决定如何执行现有法规来保护投资者,并对这些新型资产进行了分类。

DeFi

与DeFi交互的以太坊地址

DeFi

2021年第三季度购买或出售过NFT的独立钱包数

DeFi

MetaMask月活用户数

DeFi经济

稳定币

在以太坊上,稳定币供应的增长仍然是多元化的,USDC和BUSD增加了市场份额,而USDT的份额则相应减少。在以太坊上,USDC仍然是稳定币的主导智能合约协议,迄今为止,USDC的市场份额一直在增长。

BUSD的市场份额在同一时间范围内也在扩大,而DAI的市场份额保持稳定。USDC正在迅速接近USDT的市场份额。

DeFi

以太坊上USDT的数量

下面的稳定币挂钩表现图显示,大多数以美元计价的稳定币都能保持与美元接近平价,只有适度的波动。

相对于其他币种,DAI表现出更大的波动性,但DAI是由其他数字资产如ETH、BAT或USDC抵押的,而USDC的挂钩更难,因为每个加密货币的美元都由储备的美元来支持。所有稳定币都有低于和高于面值的最低值。

DeFi

虽然稳定币能够在平价附近保持挂钩,但支持稳定币的储备资产在信用质量和风险方面有所不同。例如,相对于PAX和USDC,USDT对商业票据和公司债券有很大的风险敞口,这是信用风险的一个来源。

DAI是一种DeFi稳定币,由ETH、WBTC和USDC等加密货币而不是法币进行过度抵押。

DeFi

稳定币储备

DeFi借贷

第三季度,DeFi的借款和贷款在未偿还贷款方面出现了大幅增长,在9月6日达到了历史最高点,未偿还债务价值约为247亿美元。第三季度的这种戏剧性反弹是在第二季度末活动急剧下降之后出现的,当时未偿债务总额约为143亿美元。

Aave在DeFi借贷协议中处于领先地位,该协议的未偿债务为74亿美元。有趣的是,市场预见到Aave会成为领先的借贷协议,因为AAVE代币的表现大大超过了领先的竞争对手Compound的COMP代币。此外,Aave已经达到了约46亿美元的完全摊薄市值,而Compound则以约31亿美元的完全摊薄市值落后。

大约68.2%的未偿还贷款驻留在DAI中,而USDC为21.9%,这表明人们对去中心化稳定币的信任程度越来越高。而这种信任程度的不断提高,可能是由于对美国证券交易委员会正在对Circle进行调查的担忧。

领先的借贷协议,Aave和Compound的用户增长在第三季度都有所减缓。虽然Aave的用户群在第二季度增长了42%,从46,588个总用户到66,083个总用户,在第三季度只增长了16%,达到约76,909个总用户。同样地,虽然Compound的用户群在第二季度增长了约4%,从311,581个总用户到323,759个总用户,但他们的用户群在第三季度只增长了1.9%,总用户数为323,759。虽然未偿还贷款总体上急剧增加,但用户增长没有经历同样的指数增长,这意味着每个用户的平均未偿还债务在第三季度急剧增加。这一事实可能是由我们在第三季度开始经历的市场反弹推动的。

DeFi

各项目未偿还贷款

DeFi协议收入

随着更多参与者进入市场以及更复杂的金融工具的建立,DeFi生态系统在2021年经历了前所未有的数量激增。像Uniswap、PancakeSwap和SushiSwap这样受欢迎的协议现在产生的年化收入远远超过1亿美元。

dYdX,一个支持永续、保证金交易和现货交易的去中心化交易所,在9月份实现了超过4500万美元的收入。

DeFi

DeFi协议市值vs营收(Uniswap, dYdx, PancakeSwap, SushiSwap)

DeFi

Uniswap每日完全稀释的市值 VS 发行以来的累计总收入

DeFi

dydx每日完全稀释的市值 VS 发行以来的累计总收入

DeFi

PancakeSwap每日完全稀释的市值 VS 发行以来的累计总收入

DeFi

SushiSwap每日完全稀释的市值 VS 发行以来的累计总收入

关键DeFi治理

目前,治理推动了大多数主要DeFi协议的变化。代币持有者对提案进行投票,其范围从关于协议应如何分配其财政资金的提议,到更具体的细节,如改变Compound Finance的资产抵押因素。

用户可以通过关注治理更新清楚地看到DeFi协议中即将发生的重大变化。

Synthetix

在所有协议中,Synthetix是迄今为止最活跃一个。每周,总是有多个更新,改变与根据发布的抵押品铸造合成资产相关的各种参数。此外,Synthetix经常改变在协议上发行合成资产的相关费用。本季度,Synthetix引入了动态费用,旨在中和前期运行,将L2的目标抵押率从900%降低到750%,启用了新的交换功能,允许用户通过Chainlink等预言机、Uniswap V3等DEX 预言机的组合定价合成资产,在没有费用回收的情况下进行原子交换,将L2的通货膨胀奖励增加到50K,并引入两个新的去中心化治理机构。

以下是本季度的首要变化:

  • 链上提案SIP-155:废除synthetixDAO(批准财政委员会)
  • 链上提案SCCP-136:增加二级通货膨胀奖励至50K
  • 链上提案SIP-120:原子交换功能
  • 链上提案SCCP-137:降低L2目标抵押率至750%。
  • 链上提案 SIP-184:动态交换费用
  • 链上提案SIP-133:将批量合作伙伴的奖励提高到10K SNX每月
  • 链上提案SIP-170:通货膨胀转移到二级激励上
  • 链上提案SIP-168:治理参与计划

AAVE

虽然Synthetix提供了所有DeFi中最活跃的治理系统之一,但Aave的治理通常处理更大的提案。这包括改变他们支持的资产的清算奖金,增加对算法稳定币FEI的支持,使Gauntlet能够分析支持的资产的风险价值(VAR),增加对DeFi Pulse指数(DPI)的支持,以及延长Aave v2的流动性激励。

以下是本季度的首要变化:

  • AIP #38:11个Aave V2资产的清算奖励更新
  • 链上提案AIP 33:为Aave V2增加FEI
  • 链上提案AIP 35:调整利率以说明APY过高的情况
  • 链上提案AIP 37:更新流动性挖矿分布
  • 链上提案AIP 36:将LTV和清算门槛更新到适度水平
  • 链上提案AIP 31:在Aave V2上增加DPI
  • 链上提案AIP 32:扩展Aave V2的流动性激励措施

Airswap

AirSwap代币持有者通过创建改进建议和投票得到补偿。投票后,参与者能够从收集的协议费池中索取奖励,与他们的投票权重成正比。在第三季度,社区通过了协议费分配和标准化的贡献者圈子资助。

以下是本季度的首要变化:

  • Snapshot提案AIP 46:协议费分配
  • Snapshot提案:贡献者圈资金

Uniswap

与Aave类似,Uniswap也没有一个非常活跃的治理过程。这种缺乏强有力的治理可能源于这样一个事实:投票需要4000万UNI的支持才能通过,而用户必须有250万UNI才能提交提案。本季度唯一通过的重要治理提案是将他们的治理合约升级为Compound的治理者bravo合约。

以下是本季度的主要变化:

  • 将治理合约升级为Compound治理者Bravo合约

Compound

Compound和Synthetix一样,也有一个非常活跃的治理过程。主要的更新包括暂时禁用COMP奖励,创建一个白名单,供那些总是可以提出建议而不需要保持65K COMP门槛的地址使用,以及在2020年11月向受DAI事件影响的用户分发DAI。

以下是本季度的首要变化:

  • 链上提案59:向受DAI影响的用户分发DAI
  • 链上提案60:提交提案地址白名单
  • 链上提案62:拆分COMP奖励分配和BUG
  • 链上提案63:暂时禁止COMP奖励修复。

以太坊DeFi的主导地位

在所有锁定在去中心化金融的加密货币资产中,以太坊占锁定总价值(TVL)的77%,而其他五大智能合约区块链各占10%或更少。继以太坊之后,在去中心化金融锁定的总价值方面,领先的竞争者一直是Binance和Solana。因此,其他区块链已经注意到并推出了激励计划。这缩减了以太坊对较新的第一层协议的市场份额,如Hedera、Avalanche、Fantom、Terra和Celo,截至9月底的总估值为470亿美元。

DeFi

Layer 2 DeFi

Web3需要以太坊来扩展,但对于首次使用的用户来说,扩展的情况可能会很混乱。许多扩展解决方案仍处于研究和开发阶段,而且技术在不断发展,每月都有新的解决方案出现。最安全的扩展解决方案是第2层。

第2层解决方案的设计,使以太坊可以在发生纠纷时充当裁判员。Rollups–第2层的一个子集–鉴于其可扩展性能力和通过以太坊继承的安全性,是非常有前景的解决方案。然而,由于开发团队的设计和实施选择,rollups有所不同。在下面的章节中,我们试图对第三季度使用最多的五种Rollup进行分析。这一分析的结果是当前状态的快照–较少涉及这些解决方案的未来能力。

我们确定了DeFi用户对扩展的需求相联系的三个维度:第2层有多少钱(也称为锁定的总价值或TVL),2021年第三季度发生了多少交易,有多少独立的地址,最后是在第2层进行交易的成本。

请记住,这里提出的大多数解决方案都处于测试阶段,并不像未来计划的那样去中心化、经济、快速和安全。另外,只有Optimistic Rollups、Arbitrum和Optimism,有区块浏览器,这意味着一对一的数据比较可能是困难的。对于交易的成本,我们只能通过各种数据来源来快照当前的成本。

使用情况

第2层的使用量越大,意味着DeFi用户的价格越高,滑点越少,通常流动性越强。在第三季度末,Arbitrum作为一个普遍的Optimistic Rollup,有着所有类别中最高的使用率。

然而,紧随其后的Optimism,其设计方法非常相似。对于为去中心化交易所建立单一目的的rollup,dYdX是迄今为止使用率最高的,每天有48万笔交易。

DeFi

2021年第三季度TVL

DeFi

通用Layer 2日交易量

DeFi

2021年第三季度各Layer 2独立地址

成本

所有的第2层都能大大减少成本。零知识(zk)rollup显示出了降低交易成本的更大潜力。然而,在这些情况下,dYdX、Loopring和zkSwap v2有一个固定比例的交易量作为交易费,这只是由解决方案的gas费间接引起的。

然而,当涉及到转移ETH时,人们可以看到Loopring作为一个零知识的rollup是最便宜的。

DeFi

转移和交换ETH的成本

NFT

2021年无疑是NFT的一年。从将歌曲变成金融资产的新机制的出现,如Royal,到Snoop Dogg声称是著名的NFT收藏家Cozomo de’ Medici,你很难逃过这种炒作。

2021年第三季度的销售总额为107亿美元,比上一季度增长了8倍,涉及33,985,609笔销售,这就是证据。

DeFi

2021年第三季度NFT销售数量

DeFi

2021年第三季度NFT销售额(美元计价)

随着生态系统的成熟,我们开始看到整个季度的二级销售数量超过了一级销售(1750万美元对1640万美元),这突出表明,虽然新项目仍然吸引着人们的注意,但老项目已经保留了注意力。

然而,一级销售仍然强劲,第三季度的一级销售超过了160亿美元。

DeFi

每周独立NFT买家及卖家数量

促进这场革命的平台是OpenSea,这是一个NFT市场,用户可以从几乎所有的NFT藏品中购买和出售作品。通过OpenSea进行的交易很有说服力:在打破纪录的8月份,该平台在32.5亿美元的NFT销售总额中占了31.6亿美元。有趣的是,今年4月之前,Nifty Gateway一直是NFT市场的主导者,而OpenSea在2021年第二和第三季度巩固了其作为首选平台的地位。

SuperRare、Foundation和Hic et Nunc是NFT市场领域的其他领导者,但他们所占的比例相对较小,OpenSea在过去一个季度占市场交易量的97%。另一个需要注意的竞争者,是来自传统世界的佳士得,他们在2021年9月的NFT销售额超过了1亿美元,最近9月28日在亚洲举行的NFT拍卖会的销售额达到了1560万美元。

DeFi

NFT市场月销售量

头像NFT(PFP)

加密货币社区已经成为了一个富有表现力的地方,用户通过他们的个人资料图片将自己描绘成各种化身。有可能,你已经看到这些像素化的punks、无聊的猿猴和可爱的猫科动物在Twitter宇宙中漂浮,而这很快将得到验证。这不再是加密原住民的一种时尚了。PFP正在成为主流,像Jay-Z和Snoop Dogg这样的名人购买并选择Cryptopunks作为他们在Twitter上的个人照片,支付公司Visa在他们的收藏中也加入了Punk,社会在继续拥抱这个文化牛市。

起初,CryptoPunks只是一个古怪的艺术项目,而现在它已经发展成为了一个完整的加密艺术运动。它是互联网神器,激发了ERC-721标准,该标准今天为数字艺术和收藏品提供了动力。有10,000个独特的CryptoPunks,每个都拥有随机生成的属性。这些像素化的人物有男人、女人,也有罕见的僵尸、猿人和外星人。

DeFi

自推出以来,BAYC已经爆炸性地流行起来,像斯蒂芬-库里这样的NBA明星现在在Twitter也上换上了BAYC个人资料照片。有了BAYC,你的无聊猿人NFT就会翻倍,你的游艇俱乐部会员资格也会翻倍,并且可以获得变异猿人、3D模型和涂鸦板合作等独家福利。这个会员社会展示了创建私人俱乐部的成功尝试,在这里,NFT授予可核实的访问权。

参照CryptoPunks背后的思想,3D体素角色项目Meebit随之诞生,其头像可以在游戏和Metaverse中使用。有了Meebit,你可以获得额外的资产包,这些资产包允许你将你的NFT制成动画,以获得更多的娱乐体验。无论你是想在Decentraland跳舞,在你的游戏世界中表演特技,还是想用3D打印你的头像作为有形的装饰,Meebits的定制和灵活性使你能够根据自己的喜好指导你的Metaverse之旅。

PFP NFTs的激增也表明了一种更广泛的文化运动。JPEG的交易似乎是由这些创造性的互动中所固有的文化和象征价值所引导的,而不是由纯粹的实用性所支配的交易。PFP NFTs允许人们发出地位信号,建立社区,并鼓励艺术表达。Larva实验室和Yuga实验室的好莱坞交易表明,CryptoPunks、BAYC和Meebits等项目将通过电影和电视获得更多的媒体曝光。拥有这些NFT之一可以作为你进入互联网原生社会俱乐部的门票,而这些俱乐部的规模每天都在增长。

DeFi

NFT的金融化

由于NFT本质上可与其他以太坊智能合约和协议相结合,所以它们也适合于金融化。以下是三种主要类型:集体竞价、碎片化和使用NFT作为贷款的抵押品。

首先是PartyBid,这个产品允许你与朋友组队,集体竞标NFTs。通过汇集资金,消费者可以获得价值更高的作品,如CryptoPunks。

这不仅是一种超额购买和与朋友建立NFT收藏的很酷的方式,而且让用户有机会获得市场上一些最令人兴奋的项目,并有可能获得更高的回报。这种创新只是由于NFT的数字性质而成为可能,据此,世界各地的人们可以享受对同一数字商品的所有权,而没有像艺术品那样的实际分享的困难。在一个特殊的案例中,这甚至意味着一个CryptoPunk的部分拥有者会被免费空投另一个稀有的CryptoPunk。

DeFi

这方面的一个变种是NFT的碎片化,像Fractional这样的公司允许你竞标和购买NFT的零碎部分。所有用户的出价总额相当于总的卖价,根据你的投资额度,分得NFT的一部分。Fractional与PartyBid的前提相同,只是让陌生人参与进来以增加购买力。这不仅使所有权在更大和更多的全球范围内民主化,而且提高了艺术家和内容创作者以有效的资本方式实现其作品货币化的机会。

最后,我们有NFTfi这样的平台,提供NFT抵押贷款。通过把任何ERC-721代币拿出来抵押,其他用户可以开始向你提供贷款。一旦接受,ETH将支付给你,而NFT被锁定在NFTfi智能合约中,只有在你的贷款被支付后才会被归还。如果你不能偿还贷款,那么NFT就会转给贷款人。NFTfi已经提供了近40亿美元的贷款。

虽然这在理论上很简单,但在实践中,有一些风险需要注意。首先,智能合约的风险在行业中普遍存在,黑客通过识别代码中的缺陷,能够窃取锁定在合约中的资金或NFTs。最近的一个例子是Poly Network,它因智能合约的缺陷被盗取了价值6亿美元的资产。另一个风险是贷款价值比,即NFT的价值可能会有很大的波动,有可能使用作抵押的NFT的价值远远低于贷款。这种风险对于长期贷款来说特别高,尤其是考虑到该行业的新生状态。最后,许多国家信托基金项目的流动性很低,这可能会给它们一个人为的高底价,因为卖家不想贱卖,但买家却不积极。这可能导致贷款人对用作抵押品的NFT定价错误;如果贷款违约,他们收到的NFT价值可能低于他们的议价。总之,像NFTfi这样的项目还没有出现过智能合约的漏洞,但这并不是说它们在未来不会出现,如果你想借款,一定要对用作抵押的NFT保持警惕。

DeFi

NFTfi的累计贷款统计数据

加密机构的DeFi

各机构对DeFi的兴趣在本季度也继续保持上升的轨迹。虽然DeFi应用自2017年以来一直存在,但各机构在2020年开始采用数字资产类别。

这种兴趣可以归因于DeFi提供的特殊投资回报和加密货币托管机构的崛起。以下是机构在参与DeFi之前需要考虑的五个因素。

访问

可以通过两种方法访问DeFi:间接通过中心化加密货币交易所和直接通过DeFi钱包。与中心化交易所提供的DeFi代币选择通常有限相比,后者提供了对大量DeFi代币和协议的访问。例如,MetaMask与几乎所有的DeFi协议集成,提供超过17,000个交易、质押、借贷、衍生品等场所的访问。

托管

访问与风险管理是相辅相成的。机构必须以符合安全、安保和操作要求的方式访问DeFi。这就需要在制度上要求存储私钥,而最常见的是保存在硬件安全模块(HSM)或多方计算(MPC)保管技术的合格的托管人。

监测

当加密货币交易在中心化交易所执行时,更容易跟踪所有交易。通过直接访问途径访问DeFi代币和协议,很难在一个地方跟踪资产、收益率和风险。然而,许多DeFi钱包通过在钱包中直接显示这些指标来帮助解决这个问题。

报告

当基金管理人代表他们的客户进行投资时,他们需要报告总回报业绩和资本收益等指标。由于DeFi是一个新兴的投资领域,基金管理人可能还没有完全理解所有的行话、惯例、技术细节和报告。这可能使他们向客户报告业绩变得困难。

监管与合规

对于任何新的创新投资产品,金融监管机构需要时间来了解其范围,并制定机制来保障投资者的利益。DeFi就其架构而言是分布式和去中心化的,不能在单一的司法管辖区进行监管。因此,它给监管机构带来了进一步的挑战,根据EY的一份报告,“它的活动并不局限于个别机构、中介机构或司法管辖区,可以在孤岛上进行监管”。

在上述考虑中,托管尤其是在机构加密货币世界中不可或缺的。对于加密货币基金、做市商和交易平台来说,他们需要满足一些安全、安保和运营要求。这就是托管人介入的地方。

托管人是代表客户持有和移动加密货币的组织。可以把托管人想象成一个看门人,确保你的代币和私钥的安全。除了持有代币,托管人还代表基金经理批准和促进加密货币交易。大多数情况下,加密货币基金要求私人密钥被保存在硬件安全模块(HSM)或多方计算(MPC)托管技术且合格的托管人中。

托管人

MetaMask机构最近与三个领先的托管机构进行了合作:BitGo、Qredo和Cactus Custody,以确保投资者能够完全访问DeFi和Web3,同时满足最严格的机构要求。这些合作关系回应了机构的不同需求,从小型加密货币初创企业和DAO到数十亿美元的加密货币基金。

  • BitGo资管规模: 400亿美元

BitGo是最古老的加密货币公司之一,也是今年早些时候加密货币领域第一笔10亿美元交易的一部分。该托管机构被Galaxy Digital收购,交易价值12亿美元。据传,PayPal也曾想收购BitGo,但该交易失败了。BitGo成立于2013年,目前拥有超过400亿美元的托管资产。该托管公司是多签名钱包的先驱,也是第一家专门服务于机构客户的数字资产公司。

  • Cactus Custody资管规模:100亿美元

Cactus Custody™是一家总部设在香港的信托公司,托管的资产超过100亿美元。它是由亚洲增长最快的数字资产金融服务平台Matrixport提供的第三方机构托管服务。Cactus Custody™为矿工、企业、基金和项目提供冷库和热库,企业加密货币管理功能,以及DeFi连接。

  • Qredo

Qredo区别于其他同行的特点之一是它使用了多方计算(MPC),这使得Qredo能够在不需要私钥的情况下进行交易。这一功能使Qredo上的交易更加安全,因为消除了私钥被泄露的风险。Qredo支持机构–从小型加密货币基金到全球资产管理公司–在其DeFi收益耕作中非常活跃。它的第2层区块链还能够无缝、低成本地进入一个不断增长的跨链交易和流动性机会的生态系统。

Aave Arc: 一个案例

授权借款和借贷池的研究

第三季度,加密货币托管机构Fireblocks提出了一项提案,要求Aave治理社区批准Fireblocks LLC的任命、采用和授权,作为Aave Arc一个或多个部署的 “白名单”。

白名单是白名单者对Aave Arc用户的把关职能,指的是对用户进行KYC/KYB检查,用适当的披露、条款和条件让用户入职,并向用户提供的以太坊钱包地址授予特定权限(例如,借用、供应、清算)的过程。

DeFi

如果该提案获得通过,Aave将为有严格监管要求的机构投资者提供访问DeFi协议的机会。该许可解决方案将提供私人资金池,只有通过KYC/KYB的参与者才能进入资金池,无论是借贷双方。机构投资者在投资DeFi时,必须考虑基于风险的合规过程。为了让托管人成为Aave Arc的白名单,它需要满足某些条件:(a) 在其运营的司法管辖区是一个有执照/注册的实体;(b) 根据FATF准则,遵守KYC/KYB原则;以及(c) 被要求采用并已采用强有力的AML/CFT合规计划。

潜在的问题之一是无许可池和有许可池之间的收益率差异。由于参与受到限制,私人资金池最终的收益率可能与公共资金池不同。然而,能够进入私人和公共资金池的参与者可以套取差额和市场低效率,这有助于确保私人资金池保持类似的利率。

元宇宙

在尼尔-斯蒂芬森1992年的科幻小说《雪崩》中,“metaverse”作为一个术语正式进入大众词典,他用这个词来描述基于虚拟现实的互联网的后续版本。这个词被用来描述互联网未来迭代的概念,由持久的、共享的、三维虚拟空间组成,链接成一个可感知的虚拟宇宙。如果你想亲自体验一下 “元宇宙”,你可以去看看ConsenSys在以太坊世界的总部,Decentraland。

在区块链背景下,元宇宙最明显的例子之一是P2E的概念。早在 “帝国时代”,传统的游戏模式很简单:消费者必须支付费用以换取 “游戏 “体验。虽然玩元老级游戏通常需要钱,但收入模式不断变化,不再像以前那样简单。

随着Facebook改名为Meta,这个词越来越被误用,但Web3中的想法是,你在一个虚拟世界中可以收集的产品和物品可以通过建立在集体所有协议上的代币转移到其他虚拟世界。让我们深入了解Metaverse空间中的一些大项目,以增加一些色彩。

DeFi

Metaverse 21年第一季度累计销售额超过3000万美元

P2E游戏

在第三季度,P2E行业有了很大的发展。突出的游戏和经济是Axie Infinity, ZED Run, Sandbox和Yield Guild Games。

Axie Infinity的创建者Sky Mavis以近30亿美元的估值筹集了1.52亿美元。Axie Infinity是一个玩家收集Axies的游戏,这些Axies可以战斗、执行任务和繁殖,以创造更多不同价值和稀有性的Axies。

然而,游戏的最终目标是获得可以出售的SLP代币。Axie生物本身也可以作为ERC-721 NFTs进行交易。仅在2021年第三季度,Axie Infinity通过NFT交易获得了超过7.2亿美元的收入。

Axie Infinity目前拥有超过30万的日活跃用户(DAUs),自今年年初以来增长了30多倍。此外,他们的Discord的增长也成抛物线趋势,使他们成为全球最大的Discord服务器之一。

DeFi

Axie Infinity在7月份的月收入超过了2300万美元,是6月份收入的两倍,要知道其在1月份的收入只有10万美元。这个非正式的市场已经发展成为一个正式的赚取金融服务的游戏。菲律宾的用户正在辞去工作,通过玩Axie来赚取此前10倍的收入。

DeFi

另一个创建这个金融服务生态系统的最大和最突出的公司是一个名为Yield Guild Games的项目,他们最近宣布融资460万美元,由a16z领投。自2020年以来,他们一直在积累产生收益的NFT和伟大的游戏协议和项目的股权。

YGG最近发布了财政报告,他们在报告中列出了新的合作关系,收购,奖学金的更新,以及他们投资的游戏的例子。所有这些游戏都主要关注NFTs–可以操作、贷款、交易和销售的资产。以下这部简短的纪录片展示了P2E经济是如何发展并改变参与其中的人们的生活。

DeFi

Metaverse中最发达的虚拟世界之一是Decentraland–一个由用户创造和拥有的世界。在这个地方,用户可以创建一个化身,与朋友和陌生人互动,在你自己的数字土地(称为LAND)上建造房屋,或者只是看看艺术展览。若要开始建房,人们可以购买一块土地,如果未售出,可以从Decentraland购买,或者以他们确定的价格从其他人那里购买。就像现实世界中的房地产一样,越是令人垂涎的地方,价值越高,有些地块的价格高达90万美元。

这个世界本身是由NFT推动的,它构成了世界上的大部分物品,从土地到化身穿的衣服。实际上,这个世界充当了未来虚拟世界的基石,允许用户建立他们所创造的服务并从中获利。目前,Decentraland NFT的中位价格约为5000美元,第三季度的平均每周销售总额为772K美元,平均销售300次。

DeFi

Loot是上一季度另一个突出的NFT项目。在其核心部分,Loot由一个独特的物品清单组成,你会期望在游戏中找到。问题是,NFT只是:除了你的想象力所能拼凑出来的东西之外,没有任何物品规格、外观或特征。这个概念背后的天才在于社区对Loot Bag的反应,因为其价格开始飙升。社区成员蜂拥而至,为这些物品和衍生项目创作艺术品,如 “Loot Realms”,冒险者们带着他们的Loot装备,可以探索。

这实际上是NFT的即兴创作,社区成员共同建立了一个虚拟世界,只受限于他们的编码能力和想象力。之所以称其是革命性的,是因为它为未来的Metaverse建设者设定了场景。通过集体的贡献,我们可以在最小的起点基础上建立起最多样化和最复杂的世界。

DeFi

智能合约审计

智能合约持有大量的数字资产。与任何持有价值的东西一样,在发展的每个阶段都必须减轻固有的风险。除了不断确保自己的智能合约的安全,与其他智能合约(外部调用)互动的智能合约也必须是安全的。

一旦智能合约的第一个迭代被部署,开发周期就不会停止。一个持续的安全策略可以确保智能合约持续得到很好的保护,避免出现漏洞。

因未经审计而遭到攻击的协议列表

第三季度见证了区块链历史上最大的两次黑客攻击。这两个网络在状态改变后都是未经审计的。

8月10日,Poly Network发生了有史以来最大的加密货币黑客攻击,超过6.11亿美元被盗。一个有趣的转折是,黑客归还了绝大部分资金(5.78亿美元),并被聘为其首席安全顾问。

Compound则在9月29日损失了1.47亿美元,因为他们没有对其更新的Compound控制器进行安全检查。当然,这本来是可以通过不断的勤奋和安全检查来避免的。

勤奋检查

智能合约开发者希望将风险降至最低,并将生产力最大化。使用安全层可以从智能合约开发周期的一开始就将被黑客攻击的风险降到最低,因为一旦发现问题就能立即解决。

这将反过来最大限度地提高生产力,降低重写智能合约的可能性。预防胜于治疗,特别是当数百万美元处于危险之中时。

法律和政策更新

监管新闻反映了第三季度快速的加密货币牛市步伐,我们将对以下亮点进行分析。怀俄明州区块链法案和DAO,FATF指南–第二部分,监管领域的战争,以及美国基础设施法案。

怀俄明州区块链法案和DAO

2021年7月1日,怀俄明州的去中心化自治组织(DAO)法案开始生效,承认DAO是一种有限责任公司。DAO是由其集体成员拥有和管理的实体,没有中央机构,通过智能合约运作,只要满足一组特定的标准就会自动执行。该法案对怀俄明州现有的《有限责任公司法》进行了补充,为DAO的创建和管理提供了规则。特别条款允许公司完全由智能合约管理(全部或部分),还为DAO的形成、管理、投票权、成员权益、运营协议、成员退出和解散提供定义和基准要求。这种类型的立法使得这种DAO项目更容易、更具成本效益,并提供合法性。在该法案生效的几天内,怀俄明州批准了一个DAO的法律地位–这也是美国的第一个DAO。

FATF指南–第二部分

金融行动特别工作组(FATF)发布了其对虚拟资产服务提供商相关标准的第二次12个月审查,其中分析了与加密货币中间商(即中心化交易所)和P2P转账有关的趋势。利用区块链分析公司提供的数据,FATF得出结论,相对于中间人促成的交易,P2P交易的比例没有任何意义的上升。这意味着在过去五年中,并没有出现“强烈的P2P交易”,但这一观察更侧重于比特币和Tether的转移方式,而不是以太坊。事实上,报告指出,这三种代币在VASP和P2P交易方面的使用方式 “存在重大差异”,并预测 “未来的虚拟资产在P2P使用方面可能有不同的情况”。FATF的最终报告预计在10月发布(已于10月28日发布),其中它可能将指导重点放在VASP中间商上,而不是P2P转账。这一指导意见预计将在未来一两年内被世界各地的金融犯罪执法机构采用。

监管领域的战争(CFTC vs SEC)

美国监管机构继续关注加密货币。SEC主席Gary Gensler表示,加密货币领域只能存在于公共政策框架内,而不是在框架之外。Gensler的立场是,虽然不是所有的代币都有资格成为证券,但托管许多代币的交易意味着很可能至少有一种甚至更多的代币是证券。交易平台上的任何证券都需要该平台在美国证券交易委员会注册。同时,在辞职之前,CFTC专员Brian Quintenz对SEC要求扩大权力的要求表示反对,他在Twitter上说:“只是为了让我们在这里都清楚,SEC对纯商品或其交易场所没有权力,无论这些商品是小麦、黄金、石油….or加密资产。” CFTC的委员会领导层也进行了更替,包括被提名为主席的Rostin Behnam,以及另外两名委员,其中一人曾在法学院讲授加密货币课程。除了美国证券交易委员会和美国商品期货交易委员会之间关于管辖权的争夺越来越激烈之外,拜登政府还将矛头指向了勒索软件,将”特定目标 “加入到被制裁实体的名单中,与美国有关的个人或实体不能合法地进行任何交易。外国资产控制办公室首次制裁了一家加密货币交易所,因为它为勒索软件攻击中的加密货币交易提供了便利。

美国基础设施法案

7月下旬,参议院审议并最终通过了一项美国税法修正案,要求数字代币的 “经纪人 “向国税局报告他们促成的加密货币交易情况。该修正案被纳入一项大规模的基础设施支出法案,得到两党的广泛支持。鉴于 “经纪人”一词的广泛性,加密货币行业动员起来并展示了其政治力量,但最终未能阻止该措施在参议院通过。该法案仍在众议院,尚未进行表决。除了有问题的经纪人报告要求外,修正案还包括一个一般的报告要求,要求任何收到数字资产的人有义务核实发件人的个人信息,并在交易后15天内向政府报告该信息,否则将被处以伪证罪。国会中的加密货币倡导者和盟友一直在努力游说,希望从最终的基础设施法案中删除这两项修正案。此外,众议院仍有可能完全投票否决基础设施法案。(注:11月6日,美国众议院以至少218票赞成的表决结果投票通过了基础设施法案,其中包含加密货币纳税申报要求的条款,目前该法案已送交美国总统拜登签字。接下来美国财政部仍需解释其计划如何解读该法案,并发布指导意见,阐明企业或其他实体必须如何遵守该法案。)

比特币Taproot升级意味着什么

对于许多投资者而言,比特币代表了一种新的、令人兴奋的、令人向往的价值存储。比特币成为价值存储的潜力为其赢得了“黄金2.0”和“数字黄金”的标签。

在一些方面,比特币是黄金作为价值储存手段的升级版。例如,比特币的稀缺性是可以证明的,而且在比特币中存储巨大价值的成本只是黄金的一小部分。另一方面,黄金在比特币上有五千年的领先优势,而且其波动性要低得多。此外,黄金具有工业用途,并且因其美丽的外观而受到需求。

与黄金完全不同的地方在于,比特币网络是可升级的技术。金库中的黄金仍将是黄金。黄金不可能变成铅、银或一些改进版的黄金。相比之下,比特币网络可以改变。比特币是一种可升级的技术,可以随着时间的推移适应用户、矿工和开发人员需要的改变。2021年6月12日,足够多的比特币矿工表示将支持一项技术升级称为Taproot升级。Taproot是三个升级包组成的旨在提高网络安全性、隐私性和可扩展性。Taproot是比特币网络激活以来最重要的升级,区块容量增强2017年的隔离见证。

升级的预期好处包括:

  • 所有类型的比特币交易输出合并为一个单一的Taproot输出,这将通过使不同类型的交易无法区分来改善隐私。
  • 改进了比特币的可编程性(即所谓的“智能合约”)。
  • 通过使用更高效的签名算法和交易来提高数据效率构造方法。
  • 由于添加了新的签名方案,提高了安全性,使其成为双重签名区块链。

它并非没有风险,其中包括:

  • 低采用率表明比特币用户对将比特币用于任何新事物不感兴趣。
  • 低采用率否定了潜在的隐私优势。
  • 新签名方案的“抗量子性”可能低于当前方案。
  • 由于对Taproot的分歧,比特币社区可能出现分裂
  • 升级——类似于导致比特币现金的隔离见证的争议。

我们将在报告中扩展这些好处和风险,以便为比特币作为技术投资提供背景。此外,我们将讨论历史上如何在比特币网络上实施升级。

Taproot升级

Taproot升级包括三个独立的比特币改进提案(BIP):340、341和342。

简而言之,Taproot旨在提高比特币的安全性、隐私性和效率。

Taproot将通过以下方式实现这些改进:

  • MAST通过减少所需投入来改变支出条件的结构方式,从而减少每笔交易的数据占用空间。
  • Pay-to-Taproot在比特币网络上产生单一的“Taproot”输出,无论交易类型如何,提高交易的隐私和效率。
  • Schnorr签名替代了当前的加密签名方案,称为ECDSA(椭圆曲线数字签名算法)。

这三个BIP正在一起实施,以鼓励钱包和服务提供商只需更新一次软件,以最大限度地采用全套软件,从而为尽可能多的用户改进比特币。

Taproot的好处

Taproot将扩大比特币的可用性和潜在市场规模。量化增长是困难的,但整体的好处如下:

  • 丰富的应用程序开发

比特币通常与智能合约无关,智能合约是自动执行的数字合约,其条款和执行以代码或脚本的形式编写。相反,以太坊区块链通常与智能合约以及使用它们的基于区块链的应用程序的开发相关。

但是,比特币确实具有本地的智能合约功能。比特币交易可以被编程为在满足或错过某些限制时计时支付。比特币智能合约目前用于多重签名钱包,以启用闪电网络,并“锁定”比特币单位,确保它们在一段时间内保持未使用状态。

目前而言,创建这些特定的比特币合约既麻烦又昂贵。

此外,如果用户想要发送复杂的比特币交易,他们必须将脚本在每笔交易输入中的投资影响。当这些脚本被执行时,所有的条件,包括未满足的条件,都会被显示出来。因此,涉及比特币合约的交易数据量大且不利于隐私保护。Taproot将通过分解比特币脚本的执行,使链上智能合约更可行,以便只有执行的脚本被揭露。

Taproot还提高了可用于构建比特币智能合约的谨慎日志合约(DLC)的可用性。臭名昭著的是,两个比特币公司创始人,BTCPay服务器公司的NicolasDorier和Suredbits公司的ChrisStewart于2020年加入了DLC,押注美国总统大选的结果。借助Taproot,DLC将拥有更小的链上足迹,从而鼓励在比特币上进行智能合约。

总而言之,被许多人吹捧为灵活和革命性的智能合约目前很难在比特币上实现,以至于无法普及。因此,尽管Taproot将使比特币智能合约更加可行,但我们不会在短期内看到以以太坊区块链为特征的比特币去中心化应用程序(dapp)和去中心化自治组织(DAO)的兴起。相反,我们更有可能看到简单的比特币智能合约在保险赔付、住宅房地产交易或金融养老金产品,代表有意义的增长机会,例如:

  • 人寿保险支付可以在收到满意的死亡信息后进行编程证书或类似的东西——2019年在美国的支出超过7600亿美元。
  • 当卖方的银行确认收到抵押贷款余额时,住宅房地产交易可以触发最终结算——2021年5月,美国售出580万住宅房地产单元,经季节调整后的年度价格中值约为35万美元。
  • 金融养老金可以在指定的时间段内以编程方式支付-美国2020年养老金资产超过3万亿美元。

比特币进入这些市场的途径尚不清楚。最明显的因素可能是客户要求以比特币支付全部或部分收益。最后,发行人寿保险和销售养老金产品的保险公司代表了金融界一些最保守、可预测风险状况,因为它们成立于1800年代中期的理念是“永世长存”。如果这些公司屈服于客户进军数字资产和区块链市场的任何需求,那么它更有可能以与比特币相关的形式出现。与以太坊相比,从技术角度来看,比特币是更保守、更可预测的区块链(参见下面的“升级激活”部分)。此外,它比任何竞争对手都更像黄金和货币,因此对其价值主张的把握更加明显。更何况,保险公司MassMutual已经投资了比特币和比特币公司。

  • 数据效率

Schnorr签名将提高签名者交易的效率。Schnorr签名是64字节(数字信息单位),而ECDSA签名为71-73字节,这将导致每笔交易的效率提高约11%。无法保证支持Taproot的交易会被网络采用:用户可以自由地坚持使用比特币的传统交易技术。但是,如果采用Taproot交易,那么运行验证交易和维护网络的完整节点之一所需的资源就会减少。这鼓励用户运行自己的完整节点,从而改善比特币的去中心化。

比特币的去中心化使其无需许可和抗审查,这是其价值主张的两个关键特征。去中心化的恶化将削弱比特币,并可能极大地损害其价值。如果仍有足够多的节点在运行,丢失的节点数可能不是网络的问题。这个数量并不可知,但实际上这个数字本身并不重要。重要的是,在比特币网络上进行有意义交易的用户正在用自己节点检查交易,并且有足够的节点为新节点提供区块链下载服务。这类似于比特币网络的挖矿算力,其中算力越大“越好”,但算力越小不一定“越差”,直到达到某个未知的阈值。

数字黄金 图1

此外,由于Schnorr签名是一种数据量较少的签名方案,因此Taproot可能会增加每个区块可以包含的平均交易数。这反过来可能会降低用户的交易费用。

数字黄金 图2

然而,交易费用波动很大(见图2),这取决于一系列影响因素。我们可以说,当涉及到更复杂的多重签名或时间锁定交易时,几乎可以肯定Taproot会使这些特定费用显着降低。

  • 改进的钱包功能、可用性和隐私

Taproot旨在改进多重签名钱包的功能。多重签名的钱包是需要多个签名者才能解锁资金的钱包,这使得它们比单一签名钱包更安全。Taproot旨在提高这些交易的数据效率。这里还有一个隐私升级。Taproot交易将掩盖多重签名钱包的支出条件。目前,比特币上的多重签名钱包是使用智能合约构建。如上所述,目前比特币智能合约每次发生交易时,都显示所有支出情况。

例如,多签名钱包的显示条件可以指定该交易必须由五个有效签名中的三个签名或一个主签名签署。即使从不使用主签名,区块链也会在每笔交易中泄露与主签名相关的公共地址,构成潜在的安全威胁。

Taproot以两种方式修补:

  1. 资金转移时不会透露资金的潜在支出情况。
  2. 由于Pay-to-Taproot使所有交易输出看起来都一样,所以没有人知道公司是否使用多重签名。

虽然Taproot改善了隐私,但它不会使比特币区块链取证成为不可能。比特币将仍然是一个具有公开审计的数字文件踪迹的匿名网络。比特币不会像Monero或Zcash那样成为具有Taproot的隐私币,它的隐私性将低于现金。

下图(图3)显示了自2018年以来多重签名钱包中持有的比特币数量。自2018年以来增长了约55%,但自2019年7月创下历史新高以来一直停滞不前。过去两年的增长乏力可能会让我们停滞不前。如果Taproot被广泛采用,我们可能会看到注重隐私的个人和公司采用多重签名解决方案。另一方面,近年来多重签名钱包余额的缓慢增长甚至为零,表明可能缺乏对该功能的需求。同样值得一提的是,使用Taproot将无法继续进行这种类型的分析,因为交易输出看起来都是一样的。

数字黄金 图3

最后,Taproot将支持钱包解决方案和签名方案的使用和构建,这些方案和签名方案建立在Schnorr签名特征(即“线性”)之上,这意味着可以合并签名。一个这样的例子是,现在创建一个多签名钱包是可行的,随着时间的推移,该钱包需要三个签名,但如果资金在一段时间内保持不变,则只需要两个签名。

  • Layer2扩展解决方案的进步

Taproot允许改进Layer2网络,例如位于比特币之上的闪电网络。Taproot将通过用点时间锁定合约(PLTC)替换哈希时间锁定合约(HTLC)来升级闪电网络功能。闪电网络是一种面向商业的服务,允许各方更快速、更便宜地进行比特币交易。使用PTLC意味着支付将使用常规公钥进行路由,提供类似于为多重签名钱包设计的隐私功能。PTLC还可以启用区块链托管条件,并改进预言机的使用,以促进支付的便利性。

自2018年推出以来,闪电网络的发展并不平衡。Taproot可以加速采用。从投资的角度来看,比特币交易性的提高是积极的,因为任何特定用例的改进都将扩大其潜在市场规模和发展前景。

数字黄金

数字黄金 闪电网络的有利因素包括萨尔瓦多接受比特币(将闪电网络作为一种比特币商业服务),以及支持闪电网络的支付服务(如Strike、Fold和Moon)的融资和合作公告。

数字黄金

这些有利因素,加上Taproot的改进,应该是比特币作为一种投资的好兆头。Layer2支付服务的增长有助于建立比特币的另一个核心用途。比特币已成为一种类似黄金的数字资产,但其作为点对点数字货币的潜力目前尚未实现。

Taproot升级的潜在缺点和威胁

低采用率与Taproot相关的最大威胁是可能只有少数用户和服务提供商采用和实施升级。

  • 备受期待的升级的低采用率可能表明,大多数用户对将比特币用于任何新事物都不感兴趣。对于新的用途,比特币用户可能更喜欢不同的加密货币或服务。
  • 用户回避升级比特币,使其更灵活,降低了比特币的增长前景,因为它关闭了未来潜在升级的大门。
  • Taproot的一些隐私功能只适用于人群:如果很少用户采用Taproot交易,很容易确定这些地址属于需要多重签名安全的实体。
  • 如果开发者和有发言权的用户支持的更新失败,拒绝Taproot将凸显比特币社区的弱点。

对Taproot的冷淡接受对比特币的未来意味着什么?比特币会屈服于其数字黄金叙事作为其主要价值主张吗?如果是这样,比特币有可能永远不会成为一个可靠的点对点数字现金或软件开发平台。这并不一定会阻碍比特币发挥其作为“数字黄金”的潜力。

  • 抗量子性

Schnorr签名也可能被证明比ECDSA更不具有“抗量子性”。量子抵抗是指比特币协议抵御量子计算机攻击的能力。虽然现在不知道量子计算机是一种威胁,但它们可能会在未来成为一种威胁。然而,有了Taproot,比特币将有两种签名类型来保护网络。如果Schnorr签名不具有抗量子攻击性,那么用户可以使用ECDSA。如果ECDSA不合适,协议可以添加其他量子签名方案。

  • 比特币社区分裂

依赖共识来带来改变的技术的一个好处是,任何感知到的缺点都会被放大,并可能导致拒绝新想法。这是Taproot的另一个潜在缺点。如果Taproot激活变得有争议,那么比特币网络可能会出现分裂,部分社区决定不再使用比特币。

  • 激活升级

尽管Taproot本身的细节对投资者来说至关重要,但涵盖比特币升级的典型建议和实施方式也很重要,以全面了解当前情况。由于比特币是开源的,任何人都可以提出改进建议。改进过程在比特币历史的早期通过称为比特币改进建议(BIP)的过程正式确定。虽然BIP流程的更精细的细节对于深入理解并不重要,因为它们是高度技术性的,但我们应该注意到BIP通常不常见,尤其是与其他协议相比时,并且BIP通常是小的调整,而不是广泛的升级。

比特币发展缓慢

自2009年比特币诞生以来,总共提交了145个BIP,平均每年约12个。相比之下,市值第二大的数字资产网络以太坊自2015年成立以来已经提交了342个EIP(以太坊改进提案),平均每年约58个。从技术角度来看,比特币比其他加密货币的发展速度要慢。

比特币开发者和用户社区强调,可靠性和正常运行时间是比特币更重要的方面之一。在提交的145个BIP中,只有46个(约30%)已纳入协议。更不用说,其中8个(约6%)是信息性BIP,它们简单地描述了一个设计问题,或者为比特币社区提供一般指南或信息,但不提出新功能。一般来说,BIP已作为软分叉实现,这意味着升级将保持与过时版本的比特币软件向后兼容。相比之下,以太坊有多次硬分叉,迫使所有用户升级。

总结

除了改进比特币之外,Taproot还提醒人们比特币是一种技术。它有可能根据需要进行更改,以提高可用性和用户体验。激励企业家将继续开发自己版本的比特币杀手。如果Taproot成功,它将证明比特币能够适应。

在提醒人们比特币是一种技术的同时,我们应该补充一点,比特币是一种独特的技术投资,原因如下:

  • 比特币是流动的

对科技公司的风险投资和成长股权投资缺乏流动性,尤其是与比特币相比。作为参考,2021年第一季度美国私募股权退出价值约为1620亿美元,而比特币交易量约为4050亿美元。

数字黄金
  • 比特币是透明的

比特币对正在实施、提议和拒绝的升级提供了完全透明。有进取心的投资者可以进入并围绕BIP进行自我审计、代码和对话。如果投资者不喜欢比特币的代码或方向,他们可以公开他们的意见并直接提出修改建议。没有其他投资可以为日常运营提供如此透明的水平。

  • 比特币的潜在市场规模(TAM)

投资者将TAM视为投资潜在增长潜力的代表,只要它可以被捕获。比特币的TAM是惊人的,这取决于您是否将比特币视为一种支付结算、保值或全球储备货币等技术。比特币的TAM规模最大,超过了任何其他技术投资。即使与规模最大的上市公司相比也是如此。

随着比特币接近其历史上迄今为止最大的技术升级之一,投资者评估比特币作为一项技术投资所蕴含的风险和收益的投资者必须牢记记住这些独特的特征。

By 链向财经

What is ARPA Chain (ARPA)?

ARPA is a blockchain-based layer 2 solution for privacy-preserving computation, enabled by cryptographic Multi-Party Computation (“MPC”).

The goal of ARPA is to separate data utility from ownership, and enable data renting. ARPA’s MPC protocol creates ways for multiple entities to collaboratively analyze data and extract data synergies, while keeping each party’s data input private and secure. ARPA allows secret sharing of private data, and the correctness of computation is verifiable using information-theoretic Message Authentication Code.

The use cases of the ARPA token include computation cost, data and model usage fee, security deposit, community governance, etc. The ARPA token currently runs on the Ethereum network.

Developers can build privacy-preserving dApps on blockchains compatible with ARPA. Some immediate use cases include credit anti-fraud, secure data wallet, precision marketing, joint AI model training, or key management systems. For example, banks using the ARPA network can share their credit blacklist with each other for risk management purposes without exposing their customer data or privacy.

2. Economics and supply

The supply distribution is as follows:

  • Private Sale 1: it was conducted in June 2018 for 100,000,000 ARPA at an average rate of $0.02 per token, and raised a total of 1,370 ETH and 1,383,500 USDT($2.00MM), for 5% of the total token supply.
  • Private Sale 2: it was conducted in December 2018 for 100,000,000 ARPA at an average rate of $0.02 per token, and raised a total of 2,000,000 USDT, for 5% of the total token supply.
  • Public Sale: it was conducted through an IEO with BISS on 25 April 2019 for 140,000,000 ARPA at an average rate of $0.018, and raised a total of 2,520,000 USDT, selling 7% of the total token supply.
ARPA token distribution (%)

The following chart represents the number and breakdown of all ARPA that are to be released into circulation on a monthly basis. For every month from August 2019 to February 2021, the ARPA team will repurchase from the open market and burn 0.5% (10,000,000 ARPA) of the initial total ARPA token supply.

ARPA token release schedule

3. ARPA’s activity and community overview

3.1 Development activity

ARPA migrated its repository from Github to Gitlab.

3.2 On-chain activity

Number of Transactions


Number of TransactionsJun 2021Jul 2021Aug 2021Sep 2021Oct 2021Nov 20210 txs500 txs1k txs1.5k txs2k txs

7-Day Average

126.29 txs

7-Day High

202 txsNov 12 2021

7-Day Low

75 txsNov 9 2021Number of Large Transactions


Number of Large TransactionsJun ’21Jul ’21Aug ’21Sep ’21Oct ’21Nov ‘210 txs50 txs100 txs150 txs200 txs250 txs300 txs

Last 24h

44 txs

7-Day High

44 txsNov 12 2021

7-Day Low

11 txsNov 9 2021

3.3 Social and community data

Social Metrics Summary

Powered by Search Trends 30-daysNov 3 2021Max InterestTelegram Members Change 0.21%7 DAYSTelegram Sentiment 7-Days0%Positive0%Neutral0%NegativeTwitter Sentiment 7-Days41%Positive56%Neutral3%Negative

Strategy overview

ARPA will initially focus on business development and community building in Asia and Europe. The focus of community growth will gradually expand to other markets as the project gains popularity.

Current community growth strategies of ARPA include:
  • International community bounty programs to spur user growth on social media & community.
  • Global supernode program, local community builder and media partner program to promote ARPA globally.
  • Host & participate in blockchain and cryptography related conferences, workshops, and meetups to engage with potential users and supporters.
  • Monthly meetups in China, Korea and South East Asia.
  • Multi-language, bi-weekly technical & community updates.
Future community growth strategies of ARPA after Mainnet launch include:
  • Host global meetups, hackathons, and conferences on topics such as blockchain, cryptography, privacy and privacy-preserving computation.
  • Partnerships with top local enterprises and tech-focused communities on implementation of privacy-preserving computation.
  • Top media coverage and partnership with research institutions, policy makers and think tanks.

Community and social channels

Telegram (English)
Telegram (Vietnam)
Telegram (Russia)
Telegram (Indonesia)
Telegram (Thailand)
Telegram (Philippines)
Kakao (Korean)
Twitter (English)
Medium (English)

4. Appendix

By Binance Research

Published
Categorized as Hot Crypto

What is Storj (STORJ)

Storj DCS (Decentralized Cloud Storage) is private by design and secure by default — delivering unparalleled data protection and privacy when compared to traditional centralized cloud object storage alternatives, like Amazon Web Services (AWS). This innovative, decentralized solution encrypts, divides, and distributes files to thousands of statistically uncorrelated nodes and ISPs around the world. Decentralization delivers the highest possible levels of security and privacy for users who demand to own their data and control its use, integrity, and access. For example: decentralized data can’t be censored or monitored and its associated probability of network downtime is significantly reduced because it lacks a central point of failure. It is also resistant to tampering and ransomware attacks. By bringing decentralization to cloud-based storage, Storj DCS is able to deliver privacy and security benefits as well as providing inherently better economics than centralized alternatives.

Here’s how it works: Storj incentivizes two parties to use the network — those with extra bandwidth and storage capacity on their computers (host Storage Nodes), and those in need of this excess capacity (utilize Storj DCS). While anyone can use the cloud object storage service, the platform offers the most utility for developers, start-ups, and large-scale projects with high capacity storage requirements. The Storj Network uses STORJ token, an ERC-20 utility token, as an exchange of value across the network. The token enables Storj to send and receive payments around the world for minimal costs and no currency conversion fees. Payments with STORJ token also provide a fast, transparent, scalable and easy payment solution for customers.

Though early versions of the Storj protocol were blockchain-based, the current iteration of Storj does not utilize blockchain architecture. Instead, Storj comprises a global network of independent nodes and a peer-to-peer communications protocol which allows the Nodes to communicate. This means that, although the Storj network prioritizes decentralization and is somewhat similar to a blockchain infrastructure, it is not beholden to the transactional limitations of blockchain consensus mechanisms.

Storj’s Decentralized Advantages

Storj DCS has some notable advantages over centralized cloud storage incumbents. If you use Storj DCS for cloud object storage, each file is split into 80 or more pieces and distributed globally. As there is no central point of failure, catastrophic file loss is prevented thanks to a redundancy that’s built into the system. And, if certain pieces are lost due to a storage failure or a Storage Node leaving the network, only 30 pieces are actually needed to reconstitute the file. In fact, the network has never lost a file.

Additionally, Storj DCS delivers inherently more favorable economics than those offered by key centralized storage providers. As a decentralized service, Storj can crowd-source storage capacity for cloud object storage users while incentivizing Storj Nodes to join the network and scale as needed. And with no centralized data center overhead, savings get passed on to users. No exorbitant egress fees, complex cost structures or extra costs for multi-region that tend to lock users in all help Storj DCS effectively compete with the huge centralized data providers that need large capital investments in order to stay solvent on the sometimes slim profit margins of data storage.

Storj for Users and Nodes: An Overview

Storage Nodes can be thought of collectively as a decentralized data center. Nodes simply download the Storj software, advertise how much bandwidth and data capacity they’d like to offer, and designate a Storj wallet address if they wish to receive payment in STORJ tokens. The STORJ token is built on top of Ethereum using the ERC-20 token standard. The primary functions of a Node are to store and return data, both of which they are compensated for. Storj carries out random audits to ensure that Nodes are honestly storing data. If they are found to be acting maliciously, they are removed from the network and will not receive payment.

Storj’s Satellites

In addition to the storage providers and users, the Storj ecosystem also features data and security validators called Satellites. These Satellites play an important and multi-faceted role in managing, securing, and maintaining the network. Likewise, they ensure that Storage Nodes are acting honestly and that service payments are properly sent and received.

Storj Satellites are also responsible for storing the encrypted metadata of objects uploaded to the Storj network. This metadata shows where the pieces of a file are so that it can be reconstituted. While Satellites know the locations of the file pieces, Satellites can’t decrypt the objects themselves. They simply combine the segments for the rightful owner upon request. Satellites also repair and replace data pieces. If they detect that data segment redundancy is too low, they regenerate the pieces on other nodes. This maintains robust file redundancy even as Nodes sporadically join and leave the network. Additionally, when data is moved or deleted, Satellites notify the storage nodes that the data can be deleted to make room for other files.

Satellites also audit Storage Nodes to ensure they are in fact storing the data they claim to be. If a Node can’t prove that it has the data through this probabilistic spot check, the Satellite will take the Node offline and regenerate its missing data on new Nodes. Satellites also incentivize long-term and stable Node activity. A portion of a Node’s monthly earnings are held to ensure the Node acts rationally. If Nodes frequently go offline, that withheld amount is abandoned and used to repair the missing data.

While Satellites can choose to disqualify Storage Nodes for bad behavior, Storage Nodes can also stop using a Satellite if they feel that the Satellite’s payment and performance history is lacking. In this way, both the Storage Nodes and Satellites are incentivized to be honest actors.

Storj Hacking Defense

In addition to financially incentivizing all parties to act optimally, Storj is thoroughly protected from common network vulnerabilities like Honest Geppetto, Spartacus, Sybil, and Eclipse attacks. Another vulnerability Storj is protected from is a Hostage Bytes scenario, in which a rogue Node holds the last bytes of data hostage for a financial ransom. Storj has solved this by enabling Node and file segment dispersion. Even with a large number of colluding Nodes, this attack would be difficult to achieve as duplicate copies of the ransomed data would still likely be available elsewhere on the network.

If you’re a developer with data to store, try Storj DCS out today. Storj is offering a free plan that allows customers to store up to 150 GB of data across 3 projects. If you need more than that, Storj is more than 80% more affordable than centralized cloud storage providers.

Which products support STORJ? 

 Send/ReceiveTrading
Coinbase           ✔      ✔
Pro           ✔      ✔ 
Wallet           ✔     ✖️

What regions support STORJ? 

 USNYCANEUUKDESGJP
Coinbase    ✔  ✔ ✔  ✔ ✔ ✔✖️
Pro   ✔
  ✔ ✔  ✔ ✔ ✔✖️
Wallet  ✔ ✔  ✔ ✔ ✔✖️

 Crypto to fiat trading pairs

 USUKEU
USD ✔ ✖️ ✖️
GBP ✖️ ✖️
 ✖️
EUR ✖️ ✖️ ✖️

Note: Coinbase Wallet does not support direct bank transactions. You’ll need to transfer your crypto to Coinbase.com or send it to an external address in order to cash out.

Crypto to crypto trading pairs

 USDCBTCETHUSDT
STORJ     ✖️  ✔  ✖️
   ✖️

See the full list of countries that Coinbase supports for crypto-to-crypto trading.

Note: Only assets hosted on the Ethereum blockchain can be converted through the Coinbase Wallet mobile app at this time. Learn more about trading on Coinbase Wallet.

How many confirmations are needed for STORJ?

STORJ requires 35 network confirmations. Learn about transaction confirmations.

Which blockchain network hosts STORJ?

STORJ is hosted on Ethereum.

What are the minimum and maximum withdrawal amounts?

Coinbase has implemented safeguards to ensure a healthy and efficient network both on-chain and through our platform.  

These safeguards include both minimum and maximum amounts for each cryptocurrency we allow customers to send through the blockchain.

Minimum: 20 STORJ

Maximum: 275,000 STORJ

By Paul Ford, Coinbase

Published
Categorized as Hot Crypto

巨鲸倾销超1亿美元BTC,BTC还会涨到10万吗?

周三,美国劳工部公布了十月份通胀数据,10 月份美国消费者物价(CPI)指数较上年同期上涨 6.2%,为 1990 年以来的最快涨幅,剔除波动较大的食品和能源部分的核心通胀上涨 4.6%,为 1991 年 8 月以来的最高水平,新数据超出市场预期,继续引发了投资者对通胀加剧的担忧。

投资者

加密货币交易者密切关注通货膨胀,比推终端数据显示,报告发布后一个多小时内,比特币价格(BTC)拉涨近 3,000 美元,创下了 68,950 美元的历史新高。

投资者

然而,在达到新的里程碑后不久,投资者开始获利了结,导致 BTC 价格下跌近 7,000 美元,一度跌破 63,000 美元。

沉睡多年的巨鲸抛售?

区块链跟踪器Btcparser.com发现,就在比特币创下历史新高的同一天,“沉睡”了八年零四个月的钱包地址首次“苏醒”。该地址最初于2013年7月10日创建,包含约 2,207.60 BTC (当时价值约 294,287 美元),周三,这些比特币被转移,此时的价值已升至 1.29 亿美元,这意味着这些代币在这个时间段内升值了 510 多倍。

投资者

伴随着比特币跌破63,000 美元,Bybt 的数据显示,过去24小时,171,204 名交易者被清算,清算额超7.5亿美元。81% 的清算来自多头头寸,其中大部分发生在 Binance。与此同时,最大的单笔清算订单发生在 Bitmex,面值为 6566 万美元。

投资者

投资者保持信心

尽管当前的下行走势令人震惊,但在创下历史新高后进行小幅回调是比特币一贯的走势。大多数专家预计,BTC 或将回到 64,000 美元及以下的较低支撑位,然后重新获得看涨势头并走高。

根据 Glassnode 的说法,“投资者的信心似乎处于历史最高水平”,并指出最近几周交易所的比特币余额一直在下降:“由于交易所持续流出,BTC 交易所总余额已降至流通供应量的 12.9% 的多年低点”,该指标表明大多数投资者暂无抛售计划。

投资者

另外,业内人士看好即将到来的重大技术升级 Taproot 可能继续助力比特币上涨。早在 8 月份,DCG 的首席执行官 Barry Silbert 就表示“10 万美元是比特币的必经之路”。彭博高级策略师Mike McGlone 也认为,比特币在升至 10 万美元的道路上几乎不会遇到阻力。

Published
Categorized as 比特币

What is Radicle (RAD)?

The Radicle (RAD) network is a decentralized platform that empowers developers to conduct peer-to-peer software collaborations. The network leverages a variety of open-source codes and a blockchain-based tech stack which enables developers to create permissionless Dapps in a more efficient manner. Notably, the platform continues to see growing adoption due to the time and money it saves developers across the sector.

What Problems Does Radicle (RAD) Attempt to Fix?

The development team behind the Radicle platform sought to create a self-sustaining, global, and permissionless network as a means to combat multiple issues in the market. Primarily, the protocol helps to promote further blockchain integration. The network enables programmers to create and anchor projects to the Ethereum blockchain. It also simplifies the most common tasks including smart contract management and access control features.

High Fees

High fees continue to be a major problem for Ethereum developers. The technical structure of the network is set up in a manner that congestion directly equates to higher transaction and processing fees. In the past, these systems helped to reduce spam posts.

However, as the most recent round of congestion isn’t spam-related, but rather, an influx in DeFi platforms, the high fees have had a negative effect on the platform. Radicle introduces a new system that helps to reduce fees for users and developers who interact with the network’s smart contracts. Additionally, there is never a membership or subscription fee users need to pay to enjoy these benefits.

Benefits of Radicle (RAD)

There are some really cool benefits that Radicle introduces to the market. For example, it enables developers to share codes without a third party. Enabling true peer-to-peer collaboration helps to drive innovation and improve the overall user experience across the market.

Open-Source

One of the core components of Radicle is its focus on all things open source. The entire platform was built using open-source code as well. Open source projects are recommended over their closed counterparts for many reasons. Primarily, it’s because open-source projects allow the community to vet their protocols to ensure there are no weaknesses, errors, or funny business going on behind the scenes.

How Does Radicle (RAD) Work?

The Radicle network lives atop the Ethereum blockchain. The protocol enables developers to create and integrate decentralized organizations and digital tokens in a secure and efficient manner. The platform combines open-source coding, community-led governance, and a self-sustaining network for software collaboration.

Radicle Orgs

Radicle Orgs allow multiple people to manage a group of projects. They empower communities that utilize Radicle’s unique features. The protocol encourages developers to create decentralized groups. Notably, there are a lot of tutorials on deploying Radicle Orgs for your DAO or development team. There are also modules and other pre-coded features that improve your success rate.

Radicle (RAD) – Attestations

Users can link their Radicle Identities to their Ethereum addresses directly using the attestations system. The goal of this protocol is to provide a global namespace to improve discovery. Radicle users can send their Radicle ID rather than their ETH account and add another layer of protection to their transactions.

Git

Radicle was built to improve Github’s collaboration features. The network takes advantage of the largest developer community in the world and adds new options such as peer-to-peer discovery to the equation. Additionally, the open-source nature of the project empowers programmers to make new interfaces and ways of interacting with Radicle’s combination of helpful features.

Radicle Link

The Radicle Link protocol is one of the core components of this network. This standard for code collaboration enables decentralized sharing without sacrificing security. Radicle Link is vital to the functionality of the platform as it helps to ensure the network retains its decentralization.

RAD

The RAD token operates as the main governance and utility token for the network. RAD is an ERC-20 token that resides on the Ethereum network. It serves a variety of purposes. For example, you can send RAD globally in seconds. You also must hold RAD to participate in the voting features of the network or to interact with smart contracts.

Radicle (RAD) – NFT Support

The Radicle Network offers DeFi and NFT users some features that are sure to spark interest. For example, the network supports the creation, issuance, trading, and management of NFTs (non-fungible tokens). NFTs are digital assets that can represent a unique asset in either the virtual or real world.

NFTs are quickly becoming the rising star of the DeFi sector. There are currently NFTs worth millions of dollars. These tokens are now more common than ever in the gaming and art world. Radicle’s developers can use NFTs for multiple services including the ability to fund new communities, sponsor initiatives, and as exclusive membership passes.

Governance

Radicle seeks to be a community-led project throughout its life cycle. To accomplish this task, the network introduces a community governance mechanism. This system allows regular token holders to put forth proposals and vote on vital upgrades to the network. Community governance systems help to keep project communities in sync. They also help to drive the value of the platform’s token higher since the more tokens you have and the more weight your vote holds.

History of Radicle (RAD)

The Radicle concept took flight in February 2018. The network was founded by two developers by the names of Alexis Sellier and Eleftherios Diakomichalis. Their goal was to create a more sustainable and democratic way to fund open-source public software protocols.

It’s Time for Some Radicle Improvements

The developers behind the Radicle project seek to make software creation more open and affordable. The network’s unique capabilities enable anyone to join forces with other developers in a direct peer-to-peer fashion. This approach reduces costs and improves transparency across the market.

These features combined with the ability to easily pin new applications to the Ethereum blockchain make Radicle a smart alternative for anyone seeking to create robust decentralized applications. For these reasons, Radicle is set to see continued adoption moving forward as more developers get hip to its excellent feature set.

Which products support RAD? 

 Send/ReceiveTrading
Coinbase         ✔     ✔
Pro         ✔     ✔
Wallet         ✔    ✖️

What regions support RAD? 

 USNYCANEUUKDESGJP
Coinbase    ✔ ✖️  ✔ ✔ ✔✖️✖️
Pro   ✔ ✖️  ✔ ✔ ✔✖️✖️
Wallet ✔ ✔  ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔✖️


Crypto to fiat trading pairs

 USUKEU
USD  ✔ ✖️ ✖️
GBP ✖️ ✔ ✖️
EUR ✖️ ✔ ✔


Note: Coinbase Wallet does not support direct bank transactions. You’ll need to transfer your crypto to Coinbase.com or send it to an external address in order to cash out.

Crypto to crypto trading pairs 

  USDCBTC
ETHUSDT
RAD    ✖️  ✔
 ✖️   ✔

See the full list of countries that Coinbase supports for crypto-to-crypto trading.

Note: Only assets hosted on the Ethereum blockchain can be converted through the Coinbase Wallet mobile app at this time. Learn more about trading on Coinbase Wallet.

How many confirmations are needed for RAD?

RAD requires 35 network confirmations. Learn about transaction confirmations.

Which blockchain network hosts RAD?

RAD is hosted on Ethereum blockchain. 

What are the minimum and maximum withdrawal amounts?

Coinbase has implemented safeguards to ensure a healthy and efficient network both on-chain and through our platform.  

These safeguards include both minimum and maximum amounts for each cryptocurrency we allow customers to send through the blockchain.

Minimum: 0.000000000000000001 RAD 

Maximum: 17,000 RAD

By David Hamilton and Coinbase

Published
Categorized as Hot Crypto

What is Livepeer (LPT)?

Livepeer is a network built on Ethereum for transcoding live and on-demand video. 

Livepeer differentiates itself from traditional video streaming services like YouTube by not hosting, storing or distributing video. Rather, Livepeer is building a technology that utilizes excess computing power to more efficiently share video from broadcasters to consumers.  

Video streaming is the main source of internet bandwidth use worldwide, with some reports suggesting that it accounts for up to 80 percent of global internet usage. The biggest cost for video broadcasters lies in transcoding, which is the process of converting and reformatting raw video to ensure it can be played across multiple devices and networks, from pocket size smart phones to larger than life billboards.

Livepeer aims to disrupt the video transcoding market by giving broadcasters access to thousands of distributed processors, allowing app developers to create videos within a secure, efficient and affordable architecture. 

Central to its ecosystem is the Livepeer Token (LPT) which is used to secure the Livepeer network and coordinate the work responsibilities of those supporting the video encoding process.

When Grayscale, the firm behind the GBTC investment vehicle, announced in March 2021 that it was creating new trusts based on other cryptocurrencies, most of the newly-announced trusts picked were well-known, unsurprising cryptos such as Chainlink and Filecoin. But there was one new addition that seemed to catch even crypto enthusiasts off-guard: Livepeer.

Livepeer is an Ethereum-based decentralized service that aims to significantly slash costs for video streaming apps. It does so by distributing resource-hungry transcoding tasks to users who lend their computer’s processing power to the network. Like most decentralized services, there are incentives for network participants, such as the “orchestrators” who transcode video, and delegators who stake LPT tokens to ensure liquidity.

Grayscale clearly sees potential in the idea, but what’s it really all about? Here’s a look at how Livepeer works, how users can get involved, and how to buy its LPT token.

What is unique about Livepeer?

Livepeer is a decentralized service designed to minimize infrastructure costs for streaming or on-demand video applications.

It’s not a consumer-facing video platform itself; this isn’t a decentralized alternative to Twitch or YouTube. Instead, it’s a behind-the-scenes solution for app creators that distributes the task of transcoding video—or converting it from one format to another before playback—across participating computers on the network.

The firm suggests that it can cut resource costs by up to 50 times compared to traditional, centralized approaches to transcoding video.

Over 1,600,000 minutes of original content created and streamed on the @LivepeerOrg network in the last 30 days. Creators + decentralization is unstoppable! pic.twitter.com/P1FolIKVQx

— Eric Tang ⚡️ (@ericxtang) March 6, 2021

How does Livepeer work?

Livepeer relies on its “orchestrators,” or people who have added their computers to the network, to handle transcoding demands from app developers as needed. These individuals trade their computing resources—CPU and GPU power, along with bandwidth—in exchange for fees paid out in cryptocurrency. Livepeer also calls these users “video miners,” keeping with the mining parlance used for the block creation work on many other blockchain platforms (like Bitcoin).

Developers who use Livepeer’s network to fuel their video apps must pay LPT for transcoding and distribution services. Additionally, LPT holders can stake their tokens towards an orchestrator to become a delegator, thus earning a smaller share of fees and rewards for participating in the network without being directly involved in the transcoding process.

Did you know?

The price of Livepeer’s LPT token shot up nearly 450% in the days following the announcement of the Grayscale Livepeer Trust in March 2021, according to CoinGecko.

What’s so special about Livepeer?

Video streaming is expensive for app developers. It’s one of the hidden costs that consumers may not directly see or understand, but those costs can be passed onto them in terms of service fees, increased advertising, or having their data sold.

By minimizing those costs through distributed computing, Livepeer may enable new kinds of video-driven apps and business models. On the other end of the equation, people can contribute their computing power and earn fees and rewards in the process.

What can you do with Livepeer?

Livepeer is not a consumer-facing service, so users who watch videos that are transcoded on the Livepeer network may not have any indication that the service was involved.

For app developers, Livepeer provides a potentially cheaper alternative to centralized services, trimming down computing costs to implement video functionality within their services. And for network participants, there’s incentive for plugging your computer into the network and/or staking LPT tokens to help ensure liquidity.

Did you know?

Livepeer has launched a “co-mining” pilot program with decentralized storage platform Filecoin, as of March 2021, allowing users to mine and earn rewards on both.

We are excited to announce that Livepeer is launching a co-mining pilot with @Filecoin to enable Filecoin miners to become Livepeer video miners. https://t.co/X2nuht1Qj1

— Livepeer (@LivepeerOrg) March 23, 2021

The Grayscale Livepeer Trust

Grayscale’s cryptocurrency-based trusts are exchange-traded investment vehicles designed to provide exposure to crypto for traditional investors. The price of each trust roughly tracks that of the respective cryptocurrency, and Grayscale holds a significant amount of each coin or token within the trust. Investors do not own any actual cryptocurrency by investing in a trust, but they can potentially reap the benefits of its increasing value.

By creating the Grayscale Livepeer Trust, the firm is betting on the future of the LPT token: that it will increase in value over time, and that investors will want exposure to it. As of March 2021, Grayscale owns $8.5 million worth of LPT, but the success and growth of its Bitcoin Trust is any indication, the firm could amass significantly larger sums in time.

It seems like almost everything is #streaming these days. Don’t let your portfolio get left out. Learn more about gaining exposure to #decentralized video streaming platform $LPT with Grayscale #Livepeer Trust. https://t.co/CDx48v7HW7 pic.twitter.com/3EFcYOeO6X

— Grayscale (@Grayscale) March 20, 2021

The future:

Livepeer’s success will likely depend on its ability to scale to meet demand. If its distributed network can provide similar quality of service as centralized alternatives and do so at a fraction of the cost, then it could become a reliable option as Web3 apps and platforms grow in popularity. As of March 2021, it’s still a relatively small network, with some 47 transcoders connected to the network. Livepeer CTO Eric Tang tweeted in the same month that the service had transcoded more than 1.6 million minutes of video over the prior 30 days.

Over 1,600,000 minutes of original content created and streamed on the @LivepeerOrg network in the last 30 days. Creators + decentralization is unstoppable! pic.twitter.com/P1FolIKVQx

— Eric Tang ⚡️ (@ericxtang) March 6, 2021

However, Livepeer is not the only service attempting to use decentralization to solve the high costs of video streaming. Theta is the highest-profile service in the bunch, but it takes a different approach by using excess user bandwidth to help serve streams to other users, rewarding you with Theta Tokens in exchange for your bandwidth. VideoCoin, which describes itself as an “Airbnb for video,” is closer to Livepeer in approach; it distributes computing tasks across connected nodes on the network. There are also more general decentralized computing power-sharing networks that support video needs (like rendering), such as Golem.Theta Token Rises 17,000% in a Year, Cracks Top 10 CoinsA new token has seemingly boomed out of nowhere into the top 10 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization. Theta, which is up 17,000% in the past year, is now the ninth biggest crypto with a m…NewsCoinsMathew Di SalvoMar 23, 2021

Livepeer eventually aims to become fully decentralized, but is currently steered by the legal entity Livepeer Inc. that founded the network. A 2017 roadmap that the official Livepeer website FAQ now calls “slightly outdated” offers a high-level look at how the network may eventually scale and gradually shed its centralized elements.

Decentralized infrastructure services could prove to be very valuable as the Web3 market grows and matures. Grayscale is betting that Livepeer will be one of the services that helps transform the streaming video market, and that vote of confidence may well help it stand out from the pack and bring in more app developers who want to tap into its decentralized network.

Livepeer is supported by Coinbase:

 Send/ReceiveTrading
Coinbase            ✔      ✔
Pro            ✔      ✔
Wallet           ✖️     ✖️

What regions support LPT?

 USNYCANEUUKDESGJP
Coinbase   ✔ ✔  ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔✖️✖️
Pro   ✔ ✔  ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔✖️✖️
Wallet✖️✖️  ✖️✖️✖️✖️✖️✖️

Crypto to fiat trading pairs

  USUKEU
USD   ✔ ✖️ ✖️
GBP ✖️✖️ 
✖️
EUR ✖️✖️✖️

Crypto to crypto trading pairs

 USDCUSDTBTCETH
LPT   ✖️   ✖️ ✖️ ✖️

See the full list of countries that Coinbase supports for crypto-to-crypto trading.

How many confirmations are needed for LPT?

LPT requires 35 network confirmations. Learn about transaction confirmations.

Which blockchain network hosts LPT?

LPT is hosted on Ethereum. 

What are the minimum and maximum withdrawal amounts?

Coinbase has implemented safeguards to ensure a healthy and efficient network both on-chain and through our platform.  

These safeguards include both minimum and maximum amounts for each cryptocurrency we allow customers to send through the blockchain.

Minimum: 0.000000000000000001

Maximum: 50,000

By Andrew Hayward and Coinbase

Published
Categorized as Hot Crypto

韩国公司在NFT市场的布局

元宇宙(Metaverse)可能是2021年被引用最多的词汇之一。如今在韩国,无论规模大小,企业们都在踊跃进入元宇宙竞技场以寻求未来,甚至韩国经济和财政部也公开认定元宇宙是未来的关键产业之一。

当韩国知名信息技术公司竞相加入元宇宙领域竞争之时,值得关注的现象是:在大公司全面开展元宇宙业务之前,他们的第一步基本上是利用现有的内容资源,构建NFT平台。

韩国

韩国最大聊天软件公司Kakao,旗下Kakao Games近日在公司网站宣布,该公司将认真努力地进入元宇宙。根据公告,Kakao Games的商业运营提出了“超越韩国”和“超越游戏”的口号。

“超越韩国”,是指该公司承诺建立一个更全球化的基础设施,旨在从更广泛的国际范围发布每一新款;“超越游戏”,标志着该公司向NFT和metaverse领域的扩张。

Kakao Games通过其子公司Friends Games,正在开发一个专门从事体育和游戏内容以及元宇宙的NFT交易平台。交易品类将包括Kakao Games中已经使用的数字化资产,比如游戏物品、粉丝制作的K-pop玩偶,甚至还有高尔夫球座的时间预订。

据悉,Kakao Games正在开发自己的元宇宙。届时Kakao 集团的资产都可以在Kakao Games开放式元宇宙平台上应用。

另一个大型游戏开发商COM2US,是韩国最早也是最大的手机游戏开发推广商,为39个国家的58个运营商提供手机游戏。该公司最近的投资集中在元宇宙领域:

一是参与了Sandbox项目的B轮投资,这是基于以太坊区块链的元宇宙平台,由中国香港区块链游戏公司Animoca Brands构建。在Sandbox的元宇宙里,玩家可以创建和展示自己的NFT,并拥有该公司165多个合作伙伴的各种IP(知识产权),包括蓝精灵、史努比狗和行尸走肉等顶流IP;二是参与了Upland的A轮投资,这是一个元宇宙游戏项目,玩家可以在其中交易虚拟土地。

韩国

COM2US对上述两个元宇宙项目的战略投资表明,尽管韩国顶级游戏开发商尚未宣布建设自己的元宇宙计划,但是已经非常专注区块链。

与此同时,在游戏行业之外,韩国在线直播和流媒体服务商AfreecaTV,在11月初已经推出了名为AFT Market的NFT交易平台。尽管AfreecaTV近期在韩国国内的受欢迎程度有所下降,但它每月依然拥有600多万的独立访客。

AfreecaTV的AFT市场即将开展NFT拍卖,这些NFT是其播放的电子竞技精彩节目、视频点播和流行流光的3D化身,然后可以在计划12月推出的元宇宙平台上使用。

韩国支付平台Danal也计划在不久的将来推出一个NFT平台,用户可以使用Danal自己的付款代币PCI购买NFT。

韩国

那么,为什么这些韩国新经济巨头在开发元宇宙之前,首先要构建NFT平台呢?

首尔科学综合研究生院大学(aSSIST)风险投资学副教授朴慧真认为:“NFT将成为元宇宙的核心工具,显示一个人拥有的数字资产或权利。但是元宇宙不仅仅是用某家公司的技术完成的。”Park坚持认为,各个企业需要全力以赴为一个完整的元宇宙构建全面的基础设施,例如硬件开发、提高网络速度和稳定性,以及更好的计算能力。

她说:“除非这些基础设施层装备精良,否则这些公司将无法为用户提供无缝的、身临其境的元宇宙体验。”。她认为,建立NFT基础设施是上述公司首先选择开发的,而其他层仍在建设中。

展望韩国的元宇宙前景,朴慧真认为,除了IT公司之外,韩国蓬勃发展的创意产业,包括K-pop、K-戏剧和电影,在元宇宙领域具有更大的潜力,“没有边界的世界正在到来。当各种物理限制消失在元宇宙时,具有强大核心价值的创意内容行业将成为人们关注的焦点。”

By 赫美兹数字坊

日本游戏巨头Square Enix进军NFT链游领域

视频游戏发行商 Square Enix 计划发布更多由 NFT 驱动的项目,包括加密视频游戏。

它最近在日本发布一系列基于以太坊的 NFT 交易卡,已经售罄。

传统的视频游戏发行商开始拥抱 NFT 和加密游戏,艺电(Electronic Arts)和育碧等第三方巨头最近几天表达了兴趣或宣布了他们的意图。如今,拥有《最终幻想》、《勇者斗恶龙》、《古墓丽影》等超级 IP 的日本发行商史克威尔艾尼克斯( Square Enix)也加入了这一行列。

在涵盖截至 9 月 30 日的六个月期间的财务简报中,Square Enix 描述了通过提供收藏品和基于区块链的视频游戏来进一步探索 NFT 领域的计划。

Square Enix 最近通过与开发商 Double Jump.Tokyo/MCH+ 合作试运行,涉足 NFT 市场。Square Enix 在日本发行基于视频游戏和动漫特许经营权“百万亚瑟王(Shi-San-Sei Million Arthur)”的 NFT 数字交易卡,这些交易卡是在以太坊 Layer2 解决方案 Immutable X 上铸造。

根据 Square Enix 的报告,这些 NFT 卡于 10 月 14 日发行并售罄。Square Enix 计划通过 LVC 增加二级市场交易支持,然后探索围绕 NFT 的其他举措。据悉,LVC 是雅虎日本(Yahoo Japan)创建的市场,也是热门消息应用程序 Line 的子公司。

报告指出,“我们已经认识到,NFT 与我们的资产有很高的亲和力。(概念验证)阶段已经结束,将过渡到完全商业化阶段。”

根据 DappRadar 的数据,NFT 市场在年初爆发,最近才加速,仅第三季度的交易量就达到 106.7 亿美元。

Square Enix 写道,它现在正“考虑大力进军区块链游戏”,并提到数字娱乐“不断变化的环境”,包括“针对游戏参与者越来越多样化的个人画像(profile)/激励”。

报告中写道,游戏正在从中心式向去中心化式进一步扩展。“除了我们传统上从事的那种内容创作之外,我们还将专注于以代币经济为前提的区块链游戏,作为一种去中心化内容的形式。”

基于以太坊的游戏 Axie Infinity 在夏季爆火,迄今已产生价值超过 28 亿美元的交易量。在此之后,传统游戏发行商利用其最新财报表明了对加密领域的兴趣或计划。

育碧已经涉足 NFT 领域,并为加密开发者提供支持。该公司最近表示,在投资 Animoca Brands 后,将制作自己的 NFT 游戏。周三,艺电首席执行官 Andrew Wilson 在最新财报电话会议上表示,他认为 NFT 和边玩边赚(Play-to-Earn)模式是“我们行业未来的重要组成部分”,尽管他警告称“现在还为时过早”。

加密游戏行业最近也发布了一系列重大的融资公告,其中 NFT 游戏初创公司 Mythical Games 本周宣布融资 1.5 亿美元,Andreessen Horowitz(a16z)领投,投资方包括美国国家橄榄球联盟(NFL)投资部门 32 Equity、NBA 球星迈克尔·乔丹(Michael Jordan)。

本周早些时候,Animoca Brands 旗下元宇宙游戏 The Sandbox 融资 9300 万美元。此外,加密交易所 FTX、Solana Ventures 和 Lightspeed Venture Partners 宣布为基于 Solana 的游戏设立一个 1 亿美元的共同投资基金。

By Odaily星球日报

What is Chiliz (Chiliz)?

What is Chiliz?

Chiliz ($CHZ) is a leading digital currency for sports tokenization, powering the world’s first scalable fan engagement & rewards app where fans can buy & trade branded Fan Tokens as well as vote in club-focused surveys & polls.

Chiliz.net is the world’s first cryptocurrency exchange for sports, allowing crypto-enthusiasts and traders to speculate and trade Fan Tokens.

What is the Token Ticker?

$CHZ

Will Chiliz have a public sale?

Chiliz raised all funds through private placement in 2018, meaning that there was not, & never will, be a public sale.

How much did Chiliz raise?

Chiliz raised just over $66 million through private placement in 2018.

Is Chiliz listed on exchanges? And if so, which one/s?

Yes, you can find the full list right here.

You can also buy $CHZ on Chiliz.net, the world’s cryptocurrency exchange for sports that allows sports fans and crypto enthusiasts to buy and sell official digital assets from some of the most recognizable brands in the sporting world.

What is the total supply of $CHZ?

8,888,888,888 $CHZ (8.8 Billion)

What is the circulating supply of $CHZ?

You can view the circulating supply of $CHZ here.

Do you have Official Telegram Channels?

Yes, our official Telegram channels are as follows:

English — https://t.me/chiliz_io

Japanese — https://t.me/chilizjapan

Turkish — https://t.me/ChilizTurkey

Korean — https://t.me/ChilizKR

Chinese — https://t.me/chilizchina

What is the relationship between Chiliz & Binance?

$CHZ is listed on Binance, and Binance is also a strategic investor in Chiliz.

Can I work at Chiliz?

Are you passionate about sports? Or blockchain technology? Or both? If you think you’ve got what it takes to join the team, please check out our careers page here

What is Socios.com?

Socios.com is the world’s first fan influence and rewards platform that helps sport entities achieve digital transformation through blockchain technology. Socios.com is powered by the Chiliz token ($CHZ), both an ERC20 utility token on the Ethereum blockchain and BEP-2 token on Binance Chain. Fan Tokens are specific to a team or a club, and are a finite, digital asset that provides access to an encrypted, immutable ledger of voting and membership rights ownership. The tokenized fan-voting platform uses Fan Tokens, which operate on a separate permissioned side chain. The Fan Tokens are limited in number, and are fungible, meaning their ownership can be traded, and their price is driven by the market. The venture was inspired by the fan-led management frameworks or ‘socios’ of some major football clubs. Dubbed ‘Socios 2.0’, the platform simply represents the digitisation of this model of management.

Why would football clubs, esports teams and other gaming organisations partner with Socios.com?

Socios.com is building a global community of sports fans, united by their passion for the game and their passion for their team. Using innovative technology, we’re creating a closer connection between the fans and the clubs by supercharging the way they interact with their team. Through Socios.com, supporters are able to directly influence club decisions. From choosing merchandise designs, in-game banners, naming a training ground or even choosing a goal celebration song, fans vote through Socios.com and whatever the outcome, the club will honour the decision of the fans, all while earning rewards and once-in-a-lifetime experiences.

Which organisations has Socios.com partnered with?

Socios.com has partnered with Paris Saint-GermainJuventusOGAS RomaClub Atlético de MadridGalatasarayClub Atlético Independiente , FC BarcelonaTeam HereticsUFCApollon LimassolTrabzonsporYoung BoysSint-Truidense V.V.PFLNovara CalcioNAVIİstanbul BaşakşehirTeam AllianceUniversidad de Chile and AC Milan who have hundreds of millions of fans worldwide, with more clubs and teams to be announced in due course.

How does a team, league, club etc join the Socios.com platform?

If you’re a team/club or league and are interested in joining Socios.com, please contact us on partnerships@socios.com

Does Chiliz have any competitors?

Despite more and more companies entering this space, Chiliz is already more than two years-old, has a product, thousands of users and unrivalled partnerships with some of the biggest names in the sporting world.

How up-to-date is your whitepaper?

Our whitepaper is modified and updated according to business needs. The history of modification is always included on the last page.

How do you plan to use your advisors & shareholders?

We have focused on securing advisors who will help us to develop the business, design our products and services and to build our network.

Technological FAQ

Why did you choose to use blockchain technology?

For us, blockchain was the most practical and eloquent way to unite the needs of maintaining voting integrity and transparency with turning voting rights into an ‘ownable’ commodity. The Chiliz token ($CHZ), is both an ERC-20 utility token on the Ethereum blockchain and BEP-2 token on Binance Chain. The tokenized fan-voting platform uses Fan Tokens, which operate on a separate permissioned side chain. The Fan Tokens have a finite supply and are fungible, meaning their ownership can be traded, and their price is driven by supply & demand in the market. Fan Tokens are specific to a team or a club, and are a finite, digital asset that provides access to an encrypted, immutable ledger of voting and membership rights ownership.

Will the Chiliz token be ERC-20 and be available on the main Ethereum network (Main Net)?

Yes, Chiliz is an ERC-20 token, available on the main Ethereum network. ERC-20 is a token standard which describes the functions and events that an Ethereum token contract has to implement. Most of the major tokens on the Ethereum blockchain are of the ERC-20 token standard.

Ethereum blockchain is permissionless. Can it work for permissioned set-ups?

Ethereum supports the Proof-of-Authority consensus mechanism. Proof-of-Authority (POA) is an alternative to Proof-of-Work, which can be used for permissioned chain set ups. POA does not depend on nodes solving arbitrarily difficult mathematical problems, but instead uses a set of ‘authorities’ — nodes that are explicitly allowed to create new blocks and secure the blockchain. The chain had to be signed off by the majority of authorities, in which case it becomes a part of the permanent record.

How do you plan to develop the ‘Votes Token’ on the permissioned chain?

There are a lot of similarities between Fan Tokens and any cryptocurrency token — both are tokens created in an Ethereum blockchain for example, in the main Ethereum network for the Chiliz token and in the Chiliz permissioned sidechain for Fan Tokens. You can view the block explorer for the Chiliz sidechain here. But the similarities don’t end there — there will be a limited supply of Chiliz; they can be owned; they can be transferred from one owner to another; they are fungible; and they have a price driven by the market. For all those reasons, Fan Tokens are minted on the Chiliz permissioned chain.

Permissioned chains are known to be chains used by R3, IBM, and others. Is there a reason to make it a private chain rather than a public chain?

There are two main reasons. Firstly, a private chain is governed by a Proof-of-Authority consensus mechanism, which is less intensive from a computational perspective than Proof-of-Work mining, which provides security but requires intensive computation. POA consensus also provides lower transaction acceptance latency. Secondly, it solves the problem with the associated cost of GAS, if we had to record all the information we intend to store in the Main Ethereum network. In our sidechain, we can control Ether supply and use it to pay the GAS for each transaction at a negligible cost for the company.

Please let us know about the advantages and disadvantages of a permissioned chain.

A POA chain is more secure (an attacker with an unwanted connection or hacked authority cannot overwhelm a network potentially reverting all transactions), less computationally intensive (Proof-of-Work mining which provides security requires lots of computation), more performant (Proof-of-Authority consensus provides lower transaction acceptance latency) and more predictable (blocks are issued at steady time intervals).

How experienced is your development team?

Our team has more than 20 years of web and platform development including major gaming and payments solutions. We embrace blockchain technology, like any other technology we have used in the past.

Will you only focus on mobile, or web too?

The Socios.com platform is currently available for mobile users on both Android and iOS and a desktop version is currently being worked on. You can download the Socios.com app from here. The Chiliz.net exchange is ALSO available on both Android and iOS and can be downloaded from here.

Is it possible to disclose regular business and blockchain development progress?

We have always been very transparent in reaching our milestones, and sharing our journey with the community, whilst still retaining commercial confidentiality, and we will continue to do this. However, we of course have to be careful that the information we share cannot be used by potential competitors in the future. We also have regular updates on our Medium channel as well as regular live AMA’s by our CEO Alexandre Dreyfus streamed on our Youtube channel.

Is there precedent for having fan controlled teams and events. Has the idea been shown to work?

In conventional sports, as mentioned above, the notion of having a large number of fans either direct top level management decisions, or — going a step further — owning small pieces of the teams they love — has existed in many different forms. In fact Socios.com is inspired by the ‘socios’ or democratic management frameworks of clubs like Real Madrid, FC Barcelona, FC Bayern Munich and even the Green Bay Packers that are the only publicly owned franchise in the NFL.

What products support CHZ?

 Send/ReceiveTrading
Coinbase           ✔      ✔
Pro           ✔      ✔
Wallet           ✔     ✖️

What regions support CHZ?

 USNYCANEUUKDESGJP
Coinbase ✔✖️   ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔✖️ ✔
Pro ✔✖️   ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔✖️ ✔
Wallet ✔ ✔   ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔✖️

Crypto to fiat trading pairs

  USUKEU
USD   ✔ ✖️ ✖️
GBP ✖️ ✔ ✖️
EUR ✖️ ✔ ✔

Note: Coinbase Wallet does not support direct bank transactions. You’ll need to transfer your crypto to Coinbase.com or send it to an external address in order to cash out.

Crypto to crypto trading pairs

 USDCUSDTBTCETH
CHZ   ✖️   ✔ ✖️ ✖️

See the full list of countries that Coinbase supports for crypto-to-crypto trading.

Note: Only assets hosted on the Ethereum blockchain can be converted through the Coinbase Wallet mobile app at this time. Learn more about trading on Coinbase Wallet.

How many confirmations are needed for CHZ?

CHZ requires 35 network confirmations. Learn about transaction confirmations.

Which blockchain network hosts CHZ?

CHZ is hosted on the Ethereum.

What are the minimum and maximum withdrawal amounts?

Coinbase has implemented safeguards to ensure a healthy and efficient network both on-chain and through our platform.  

These safeguards include both minimum and maximum amounts for each cryptocurrency we allow customers to send through the blockchain.

Minimum: 0.000000000000000001

Maximum: 900,000

By Chiliz and Coinbase

Published
Categorized as Hot Crypto