马斯克的极端个性是成功的必备要素吗?

有人在Quora上提问:如何才能成为像盖茨、乔布斯、马斯克、或理查德·布兰森那样伟大的人?马斯克的第一任老婆(Justine Musk)回答总结了七点(意译):

第一,极致的成功需要极致的个性,这样的成功一定是需要——以其它方面的牺牲为代价的。

极致的个性,就是通常人们眼中的怪咖、少数、另类、偏执狂与“格格不入者”,但只有拥有这种“怪异”的个性,才会被迫走上一条非同寻常的体验世界之路。接着,他们会找到自己的生存策略,并会随着年龄的增长,想法设法把这些策略应用到其它事情之中,从而为自己创造独特且强有力的优势。

他们的思维方式不同于常人,他们总能以全新的角度看待问题,找到极具洞见的创意,同时人们也会认定——他们就是疯子

事实上,极度的成功跟人们认为的“成功”是不一样的,人们不必成为像理查德或者埃隆那样的人,其实也能过上富裕和优质的生活,并且你获得幸福的概率,比成为伟大人物的概率更高。

但如果你的本质就是一个极端人物,那么你必须做你自己,此时幸福生活对你来说——已经不是人生最重要的目标了。

第二,着迷(Obsessed)痴迷(Obsessed)疯魔(Obsessed),如果没有这种热情做现在的事情,那就需要立刻停下来,然后去寻找能够让你“彻底疯狂”的事情。

第三,学习承担能够打垮大多人的压力与痛苦。

第四,可以担心、害怕、恐惧失败——或是不怕,但无论如何都要继续前进。

第五,不是阅读网络新闻或舆论是非观点,而是直接阅读看书,看伟大人物的传记——如亚历山大大帝或凯瑟琳大帝的传记,并从中获得启发。(马斯克从小积累了巨大的阅读量,远远超过大部分人)

第六,极致的人身上混合了高智商、天赋、才华和近乎疯狂的勤奋,所以如果工作本身不是你最大的驱动力,或说你在为你的兴趣而奋斗,那么你很快就会燃尽自己半途而废,然后那些极致个性的竞争者会将你碾压到“爆”——然后只能痛哭流涕地嗷嗷直叫。

极度痴迷,这个特征的本质会耗损一切(活物与死物)——包括耗损这个人本身和他身边的人——除非你亲眼目睹或亲身经历,否则很难理解。 ​

第七,你得把注意力从——自己想要什么(如10亿美金),转移到——世界想要什么和需要什么上面去,并且你必须对后者拥有深深的、无法抑制的好奇心进取心

事实上,拥有“自我和自负”(Ego)并不是坏事,但你必须在拥有它的同时,真心臣服于比自己的“自我和自负”伟大得多的东西,即「Something Bigger Than Yourself」,只有这样你才能吸引和激励——那些你需要的人才,来为你工作,并和你一起“彻底疯狂”

关系人士的侧写

特质

按照神经心理学家的描述,马斯克的行为显示他是个天才。这样的人在童年时往往会显示出不凡的智力,能够在智商测试中获得高分。这样的孩子往往会认真地观察这个世界,发现其中的缺陷,例如系统中的小故障,他们会在脑中构思逻辑路径来排除故障。

在小罗伯特·唐尼看来,《钢铁侠》中的主人公托尼·史塔克,和马斯克就是同一类人——他们一旦抓住一闪而过的创意,就为自己的想法倾其所有,他们一秒都不会浪费。

才能

马斯克,可以像逻辑学家那样清晰简洁地表达,同时非常准确地从一个要点转移到下一个要点。但马斯克真正突出的地方在于,他将复杂的物理概念商业计划相结合的能力。不仅如此,他还显示出了将一项科研成果,转化为营利性企业的非凡才能。

皮特沃登(美国空军上将,国防部顾问)的工作需要随时关注尖端科技,他感觉自己遇到过的很多人只是在做白日梦,但马斯克看起来有理有据、知识渊博而且能力不凡。而历史已经证明,马斯克的目标在某个时间点听起来荒谬无比,但只要给他足够的时间,他总是能够无比坚定地实现它们——比起其他人,他总是基于对现实的不同理解来开展工作。

马斯克,能够迅速做出重大的决定,这是需要有充分的自信,对未来清晰的愿景,和对现实的明确认知。他事必躬亲并且无所不知,简直不可思议,他想要基于物理学基本定律的答案。他可以同时参与两个讨论,然后即时在脑子里解开所有的方程式。他多年以来积累的知识量令人震惊。

如果有人告诉马斯克,例如:作动器绝对不可能降到他的心理价位,或者在他确定的截止日期前无法造出某个部件——他会说:“好吧,这个项目跟你无关了,从现在开始我是项目的CEO,在担任两家公司CEO的同时,你的工作也由我来做,但我可以完成。”

作动器——又名激振器,是用于进行动力学试验的出力装置,是实施振动主动控制的关键部件。

布罗根说:“最疯狂的是马斯克真的这么做了。每次他解雇了某个人,他都会接替那个人的工作,而无论是什么项目,他都能完成。”

抗压

格雷西亚斯说:“马斯克比我认识的任何人都更刻苦,并且能够承受更多压力,他在2008年所经受的一切可能早就让其他人崩溃了,而他不仅生存了下来,并且持续专注于他的工作。”

在2008年的金融危机中,马斯克曾处在即将一无所有的破产边缘,他的第二任妻子妲露拉莱莉(Talulah Riley)见证了一切, 莱莉回忆道:

“那时他满脸愁容,看起来就像是在死亡的边缘徘徊,经常半夜噩梦并尖叫着惊醒,甚至会在睡着的情况下,爬到我的身上开始尖叫。”

“要知道,经历过那种压力的人大多数都退缩了”,格雷西亚斯说,“他们会出现决策失误。但是马斯克却变得更加理性,依旧能够做出清晰并且有远见的决定。压力越大,他做得就越好,任何见识了他所经历的一切的人都对他怀有敬意,我从未见过比他更坚毅的人。”

而对此,马斯克曾说道:“所谓创业生活,就是——嚼着玻璃渣凝视着深渊,然后浸透在莎士比亚式的悲剧之中。”

可见,失败似乎完全没有影响马斯克对未来的展望,也没有令他质疑自己的能力,这仿佛表明了——玻璃心就是需要被摔的稀碎,然后用钛合金重建。

事实上,正是在危机中依旧专注工作的能力,让马斯克在其他管理人员和竞争者中脱颖而出。

工作

马斯克,永远要求同事们去考虑——“实现路径”,而不是争论——“是否可行”。实际上,他的思维模式是站在未来的远景看待眼前的处境——这具有某种超越性。

显然,他无比清楚的知道自己在做什么,经过一次又一次的会议,他淘汰了那些唱反调的人,最终留下了一群志同道合的精英工程师。

所以在SpaceX,没有西装革履,也没有老气横秋、双手麻木的技工,取而代之的是精力充沛、乐观积极的科技狂人,仿佛全然没有意识到他们的目标远大得——近乎不可能。

马斯克,基本上是要求员工在完成不可能的任务之外,还要达到不可能实现的目标。一位SpaceX的前高管,用“永动机”来描述当时的工作氛围——这台永动机依靠“永不满足”“永恒希望”结合在一起时所产生的动能来运转。

所以在SpaceX,做事的原则就是全情投入你的工作并把事情搞定,等待指导或详细指示的人将会举步维艰,习惯得到反馈意见的员工也是一样。而最严重的错误,就是告诉马斯克他的要求——是无法实现的。

马斯克,曾告诉一名员工:“我要你考虑到超前的事情,我要你能够用力地思考,每一天都思考到头疼,我希望你每天晚上睡觉的时候头都会疼。

在和候选人面谈时,多莉·辛格(Dolly Singh)会鼓励他们,也会开门见山地告诉他们SpaceX和马斯克的标准。“SpaceX招聘的是一支特种部队,” 她说,“如果你愿意接受最高难度的挑战,那太好了。如果不是这样,你不应该来这里。”

除了每周工作90小时以上之外,另一些人离开的原因,是他们无法接受马斯克和其他高层在会议中的直言不讳

“埃隆不了解你,而且他不在乎一些话是否会伤害你,”多莉·辛格说,“他只知道需要搞定这些事情,如果不能适应他的说话风格,你往往会感到无所适从。”

“如果我们在你前进的道路上堆满了屎,你就必须把屎给吃了!这种方式不被其他地方广泛接受,但这里是SpaceX。” 马斯克的这些话,或许听起来刺耳,但你必须接受。

显然,马斯克严苛的管理风格,源自于他超凡脱俗的企业愿景,但在他咄咄逼人的同时,也会耐心听取有理有据、分析性很强的观点。而且,只要你的理由足够好,他会改变想法。

愿景

在太阳能、汽车和太空产业,一直充斥着对现有玩家有利的监管和官僚主义作风。由他们看来,作为初来驾到的竞争者,马斯克是一个天真的技术专家,可以完全不予理睬,并且常常被当成笑话来谈及,差不多就是一个介于捣蛋鬼满嘴胡话之间的竞争对手。

但马斯克基于愿景,而不会从商业模式来思考模式。例如:太阳城——是笃定太阳能的潜力,特斯拉——是对清洁能源的信心,SpaceX——是对太空之殖民的愿望。他的成功你可以说是运气,但在运气背后是他的使命,与独特的思考模式,其核心就是人类的未来,与宇宙第一原理

如果说,乔布斯把演讲本身,都看成了一次用户体验之旅,那么马斯克就只有终极目标,和为终极目标所服务的体验过程——例如:SpaceX和特斯拉已经率先将电子、软件、金属、燃料、科技与速度融合在了一起。

显然,马斯克是个肩负使命的人,而且始终如一。他具有的强烈使命感,远远超乎我们多数人所能承受的。

所以,戏剧性的风险,将一直伴随着他正在做的每一件事,及其以后的每一件事。如果马斯克纵情于此,他将一直伴随着这些风险,并牺牲大多数人所珍惜的一切。

马斯克自己曾说道:“我是个复杂的人,但我的需求很简单、很明确。或者说,没有人会是一座孤岛,除非他既强大又乐观。

但事实上,他一直是在尝试独自去到那座孤岛上,这或许是因为他想要的愿景——只能在那座孤岛上才能实现!

马斯克的B面

从前文的表述来看,马斯克无疑是一位无比强大的人,但以下事实是隐藏在其成功背后的故事。

  • 马斯克的第一个孩子夭折,第一任妻子说她都能感觉到他的巨大痛苦。
  • 在PayPal时期,利用马斯克计划休假补过蜜月的机会,董事会策划了一场“政变”把他赶下了CEO的宝座,最后只能妥协的担任顾问——这相当于脱离了公司的管理和运营。
  • 《PayPal》一书中,马斯克被表述为极端自私、固步自封的混蛋,并且在每个紧要关头都做出错误的决定。
  • 马斯克被很多PayPal的员工质疑,是否可以算作PayPal的联合创始人。
  • PayPal和Zip2两家公司的联合创始人,一致认定马斯克“不是当CEO的料”。
  • 马斯克的批评者们,无论是在公开还是私下场合,都指责他是没有商业道德的人,像是个夸夸其谈的推销员——总是在自夸自卖自己公司的技术。
  • ……
  • 特斯拉当年被奥巴马政府给予4亿美元的低息贷款,这事被总统候选人罗姆尼一直拿来说,他认为马斯克是个失败者,奥巴马总统在乱花钱。
  • 当2008年金融危机来了之后,特斯拉面临资金短缺和员工离职的双重打击,马斯克说:“我没想过我会精神崩溃,但真的崩溃了。”
  • 电视台主持人曾大喊大叫着说:“华尔街将特斯拉列为最不可能成功的企业,别买特斯拉的股票,你买了只是浪费钱,甚至不应该租特斯拉的车。”
  • SpaceX在5次发射失败的情况下,马斯克把自己豪车和私人飞机都抵押了,没人相信他能成功——而他只想最后发射一次(结果成功了)。
  • 登上过月球的尼尔·阿姆斯特朗与尤金·塞尔南,都觉得马斯克的太空计划就是在瞎扯淡,并质疑他是否真正了解航天与火箭,对此马斯克说道:“这些人都是我心目中的英雄,真的很艰难,我真希望他们能来看看,我的工作有多么艰难。”
  • ……

马斯克在接受(CBS 60 MINUTES节目)采访的视频中,双眼湿润、眼眶泛红、时而哽咽,非常感性的讲述了他创业过程中,所经历的巨大困境与挫折,当主持人问他是否考虑过放弃时,他的回答是——“我不知道什么叫放弃,除非我被困住或者死去!”

是的,真正成功的人都具有同一种品格,那就是——永不放弃,而或许在第一原理之中,就有一条叫做——“失败只会出现在放弃的那一刻”——只要你还没开始自暴自弃,仍然在思考、决策并行动,即使被打趴下,也不算失败。

然而,在2018年,马斯克在Twitter上违规且“欺诈性”地宣布特斯拉私有化,以及在YouTube上直播抽大麻(此州合法,只抽了一口,但展现出了耐人寻味的表情,如题图),这些行为已经给他的个人声誉和公司股价,带来了巨大的冲击和损失,并且从此我们也可以看出——他的决策失误、情绪起伏与难以自控。

接着2018年末,在特斯拉总部接受(Recode的卡拉·斯韦什尔)采访时,马斯克说:

“如果你每周工作120小时,那么你会疯掉。有那么一段时间,或许是几个星期,虽然我没有准确地计算过,但每天我只睡几小时,然后工作,工作之后再睡几个小时,每周7天,天天如此!在这一段时间内,我每周工作时间会长达120小时,甚至更长。”——这俨然就是在实践达芬奇睡眠法了。

最新研究表明,短睡是由基因控制的,携带hDEC2基因平均睡6.25小时(可以更少),携带ADRB1基因平均睡5.6小时(可以更少)。

马斯克表示,他现在已经把每周的工作时间“减少至80或90小时”,这样的工作安排表是“可管理的”。他认为,虽然“每周工作80小时是可持续的”,但工作时间若超过这种水平,痛苦就会大幅度增加。也就是说,工作时间若超过80小时,痛苦程度的增加将不再是线性的,而是呈现指数增长。

事实上,在“特斯拉私有化”之后,接受《纽约时报》采访时,马斯克就动情地承认——他服用处方药安必恩(Ambien),是因为他难以入睡。

为什么马斯克要如此努力的工作?

因为他热爱这份工作,他所做的事情无比艰难,他希望赶快做出结果,他对未来充满野心且雄心勃勃……这都有可能,或混合有之。

那为什么马斯克的睡眠很少,却还会失眠,需要依靠药物入眠呢?

这个问题的答案,显然只可能是他承受了——巨大的精神压力,从而产生了生理上的问题。

最后,马斯克为什么要这么折磨自己呢?

在YouTube的直播中,马斯克谈论到自己的脑海中,总有各种想法在蹦来蹦去,甚至到了“永无止境的爆炸”这种地步,甚至在他只有 5、6 岁的时候,他就已经感知到了自己的与众不同。

或许从此可以看出,折磨自己与创造未来,就是他注定的使命!

综上可见,或许只有极端才能获得极致,马斯克的故事,不禁让人想到了萧伯纳曾说过的一句话:

理智的人都适应世界,没理智的人都要世界适应他,所以世界所有的进步,全靠没理智的人。

当然,万事万物都A面与B面,那么从B面来看,没理智或说是极端的人——除了改变世界,当然也可以毁灭世界——显然,这也算是改变世界的一种结局。

那么,难道这里的逻辑就是:

有时候不推翻先前的设计,进行完全地重构,就无法抵达那个至关重要的质变点?所以在废土之上的重建,才是抵达那个无比光明未来的必要路径?那么,光明的未来,到底是取决于迭代,还是推倒重来?

结语

一个人想要实现自己的梦想,有所成就,最快的捷径就是学会——放弃、牺牲与疯狂:

  • 放弃——所有不重要的东西,
  • 牺牲——安逸的生活与娱乐,
  • 疯狂——去追求内心的目标,
  • 最终——才有可能梦想成真,
  • 虽然——这话听起来很偏执与狂热,但却是最现实不过的道理。

事实上,马斯克开始两次创业的成功,运气的成分很大,但成功的结果给予了他信心和资本,去执行心中的使命与偏执,而把事情做到极致,最终连全世界都会给你让路的,此时运气——就由量变的随机涌现为了质变的必然。

最后,请记住这些关键词:阅读、行动、试错、追求、坚持、努力、思考、付出、忍痛、蜕变、做事——无尽地循环

另外,如果若问——怎样才能像马斯克那样成功与强大?

答案是,没有办法。因为一个人只能成为自己,而不能成功地活成另一个人的翻版或克隆。

后记:压力、混蛋与独裁

马斯克的压力源是什么?

从事后看,成功者的路上,那是一个正确连着一个正确,一个胜利接着一个胜利,但这是事后看。如果从过程中看,你就会发现,在他的路上,那是一个非共识连着一个非共识,甚至在别人看来,是一个错误接着一个错误。在他自己看来,是一个压力连着一个压力。

为什么人们会崇拜敬仰马斯克,尽管他有很多的“混蛋”特质与行为?

因为,我们往往把一个人和他所做的事混为一谈,然后把他们变成一个符合传奇故事世界观的虚构人物。我们的文化中,总是需要坏蛋和英雄,傻子和天才,替罪羔羊和道德楷模。

对于马斯克的“暴君”与“独裁”的管理风格,他的员工是如何忍受的?

拿破仑完全意识到了自己的名望,所拥有的神秘力量。他知道,如果他把自己身边的人看得还不如马夫,他的名望就会更上一层楼,这些人中——包括国民议会里的一些,令欧洲心惊胆战的显赫人物。

旺达姆将军,他对元帅谈到了拿破仑:“那个魔鬼般的人物对我施用的幻术,我自己也搞不懂为何如此厉害,我既不怕神,也不怕鬼,但一看到他,我就像个小孩子一样禁不住打颤。他简直能够让我钻进针眼,投身火海。”

事实上,变成大人物后,拿破仑的名望与他的荣耀同步增长,至少在他的追随者眼里,他和神灵的名望已不相上下。并且,拿破仑对和他接触过的所有人,都能产生这种神奇的影响。

答案就是,名望对大脑结构的影响和塑造——从而激发产生了,崇拜、敬仰、卑微、逆来顺受,甚至是自虐的本能反应。

By scott.cgi

游戏创作者如何把握时代机遇

有时候,游戏制造商和玩家之间的差异就在一线间,不过后者打通关游戏的速度可要比前者创造游戏的速度来得快得多。因此,在游戏这种高风险、高回报的行业,创造力就显得很重要,但就目前来说创造力比较匮乏。人才对于该行业来说可以算是最大的瓶颈之一,这也是为什么对于游戏工作室负责人来说,用户生成内容可以成为孕育创作者经济的肥沃土壤。人们可以在 YouTube、TikTok 和 Twitch 这类平台上进行创作和消费,这类大型参与社区现在已经成为了不断增长的创作者经济中心。而现在,创作者经济已经进入到了游戏行业。

当然,这几十年来,游戏工作室一直深挖粉丝潜力,为自己提供创新源泉。Doom 可能是有史以来最著名的第一人称射击游戏,在上世纪九十年代就取得了成功,这不得不说要归功于它的一个做法 : 向任何愿意额外构建关卡和附加组件的人开放其底层源代码——它是推动「修改」现象的原创游戏鼻祖。在完成了第一人称射击游戏《Half-Life》的发行后,Valve 公司逐渐从一家发行商发展成为了一个成熟的数字平台(包括世界上最大的 PC 游戏数字市场 Steam)。 时至今日,Valve 推出过有史以来最为成功的游戏之一《反恐精英:全球攻势》,这也是它们自制衍生品的产物。

尽管游戏里的用户生成内容有着悠久且丰富的历史,但在传统意义上,用户对于游戏的这种贡献被认为是一种自我表达的形式或只是小众行为:参与者创造内容是因为他们热爱游戏、具有社区意识,而不一定是为了金钱收益。而如今,这种情况正在发生着变化:游戏工作室逐渐意识到,创造者为他们游戏带来的价值是值得实实在在的现金奖励的。比如,Roblox 是一款广受欢迎的多人在线创作游戏——去年向外部开发者的支出增加了将近两倍;而像 The Sandbox 和 Mythical Games 这样的新生代游戏,玩家则可以在其中建立和拥有属于自己的基于区块链的游戏体验。

我们看到,创造者经济正在逐渐渗透到游戏行业,玩家正在探索将贡献进行货币化的新方法,无论是通过构建原创游戏世界、在区块链上创建和销售游戏内商品,还是通过新的游戏流媒体工具与粉丝互动。与此同时,工作室和游戏开发商意识到,给玩家创造机会做出贡献——同时分享利润——其实是一种竞争优势。这对于重振游戏设计及发行中潜在的经济来说是非常关键的。

UGC 繁荣背后的经济学

用户生成内容(UGC)的兴起其实并非偶然:在很大程度上是一种必然。要知道,制作游戏的成本在持续上升。游戏设计传奇人物 Raph Koster 在新冠疫情前进行的一项分析发现,假如以每兆字节来计算的话,500 万美元的独立手机游戏和 1 亿美元的跨平台大型游戏的有效创造成本是一样的。这就解释了为什么大型发行商倾向于规避风险——或者至少是非常仔细地权衡过他们的投资。

不过,即使是大型发行商的投资也无法成为不断创新的驱动力。游戏工作室的竞争优势源于其开发酷炫新体验的能力,假如有「太多相似,略有不同」的话,则在点击量驱动的市场中很难生存下去。通过向玩家和外部开发商开放创作,发行商相当于有效地将创新过程进行了外包,并降低了他们的业务风险。通过将开发职责从一个专业设计师的小团队转移给一大群粉丝和热情的玩家,可以极大地扩展整个设计过程。开放游戏构建模块,鼓励玩家访问并为他人开发游戏内物品和体验的做法可以发掘出更多新颖的内容,这也是早期一直进行的 Beta 测试过程。

据 Electronic Arts 高级副总裁 Samantha Ryan 称,在过去五年中,Electronic Arts 游戏开发商 Maxis 为模拟人生游戏《The Sims》制作了大约 5,000 件个人服装。她在最近的一次小组讨论中指出:

「但如果你看看我们最大的用户生成内容网站之一,你就会看到他们在同一时期创造出了 39,000 件作品。作为一个职业开发公司,我们竟然无法跟上我们玩家的步伐。」

像 Samantha Ryan 这样的游戏高管现在正披露着这一事实。众所周知,传统出版商在采用新颖的收入模式以及技术方面往往动作非常缓慢(VR 就是一个典型的例子)。他们更倾向于「观望」,直到最后迫不得已,花高价进入某领域,而通常是通过收购的模式。举个例子:当 Activision Blizzard 最终于 201 6 年进入手游领域时,花了 59 亿美元的价格收购了 King Digital。在这个新时代——大规模的粉丝参与加上游戏货币化——可见游戏的创造力和病毒式的传播并不是由保守的传统公司所驱动的,而是由外部(通常是社会)力量所驱动的。

对于游戏开发商来说,还有另一个好处:现在大部分的公开交易和私有行业都是通过服务模式产生收入的,因此存在着内容过剩的情况。数字化以及随之而来的免费游戏收入模式使得每个人都可以接触到游戏。在大量的可用游戏中,将消费者与内容联系起来变得更加昂贵。而用户生成内容则抵消了营销成本,因为通过它,公司可以更加容易地留住玩家,降低玩家流失率。成为活跃社区的一员,并为自己喜欢的游戏提供源源不断的新内容,这种做法可以鼓励玩家坚持更长的时间。同时,这也对平均游戏生命周期产生了积极影响,并减少了来自对手的威胁。

制作社交类游戏,不仅仅只是玩

在参与大多数传统娱乐形式的时候,其实我们都是很被动的:比如 Netflix 带来的「鱿鱼游戏」狂欢潮;再比如去看一场音乐会等。而游戏却截然不同,观众可以积极参与其中,甚至是将娱乐精神体现出来,所以游戏正在改变着这一切。通过对 Roblox、The Sandbox 和 Rec Room 等游戏的体验,我们发现这些游戏的重点子在于制作游戏。用户原创内容不仅仅是一种新的游戏方式——它也是一种逐渐可行化的货币化方式、一种身份形式以及一种社交纽带。

角色创造在长期以来一直是角色扮演类游戏的核心。通过用户生成内容,游戏中的角色变得更加丰满、更具表现力。与此同时,量身定制的这些虚拟形象,不仅可以在游戏中获得独特的冒险体验,还能帮助用户增进情感联系。(通过 Itsme 和 Genies 等公司的打造,这些角色变得越来越个性化。)值得一提的是,我们不是通过匿名化身或是游戏代币来游览游戏世界,而是透过角色独特的技能和不同个性来对游戏世界进行探索。在一轮游戏中,我有可能会成为狙击手,一头扎入战斗;也可能会化身为一个打不死的小混混,自己去做任务。游戏玩法会逐渐地从一种娱乐形式转变为一种表达形式。

当然,游戏更深层次的部分仍然是社交——用户对于情感上的需求不仅是可以进行联系,而是要能进行创造和贡献。通过开发出新颖的游戏物件或是体验,我们能够与他人进行分享而不仅仅只是纯粹的玩游戏。如今,许多社交媒体的互动方式仅仅局限于刷刷屏,与之不同的是,在游戏世界里玩家可以以虚拟身份进行实时互动——一些用户甚至可以在 Rec Room 这类可定制的游戏世界中结婚。当然,原画稿(游戏出品前泄露的游戏制作时使用的角色、场景图片素材)已经存在很长一段时间了,不过它并没有成为一种收入模式,因为它现在被放进了游戏中。

在过去的三十年里,随着游戏经验的慢慢丰富,玩家开始更深入地参与到越来越重要的决策制定中,最终走向更高阶的定制,而这意味着我们正在向单一的客观体验挥手告别。也许,我们正在玩着同一个游戏,但我们却逐渐开始按照自己的方式去体验。如今,通过用户生成内容的发展,我们还能够与他人分享并出售这些量身定制的体验。

与此前的媒体、教育和加密世界一样,如今创作者经济正体现在更广泛的游戏行业。以前,修改原创内容和用户生成内容被视为是为游戏粉丝保留的增值收入来源,但现在,制作游戏、参与战斗、交易和销售游戏内创品的做法也将成为玩家体验不可或缺的一部分——毫无疑问,游戏创作者经济的未来已来。

By Odaily星球日报

What is Storj (STORJ)?

The Storj (pronounced as “storage”) platform bills itself as a decentralized file storage solution which combines the benefits of cloud-based storage and blockchain technology. At the heart of the project is the Storj network which, among other things, allows the users to put up their free disk space for rent. Users which are required to store files and assets online can access the Storj network and rent the available storage resources from the renters in this ecosystem (“farmers”). The payment is effected with STORJ tokens on the blockchain and their use is supposed to encourage users to become a sort of small-scale cloud storage providers.

What Is Storj Trying to Achieve?

In order to be able to ultimately challenge the dominant cloud storage providers such as Google and Amazon, Storj’s model had to be designed to meet several challenges.

Lower Costs

  • Current infrastructure costs incurred by centralized storage systems could be driven down by the decentralized model offered by Storj. With their focus on decentralization, the Storj team hopes to present its platform as an affordable cloud storage solution. By eliminating the need for running data centers, the cuts in costs promised by Storj should reduce the current prices offered by the centralized storage providers by at least 1/3. This is to be achieved by cutting the costs of maintenance, bandwidth and utilities via utilization of what the Storj team describes as underused storage resources existing at the network edge.
  • These are to be particularly beneficial for small businesses which need storage yet do not have the capacity or funds to build and maintain full-blown data centers, hard disk arrays etc. The end users would be able to pay for what they actually want to use, with no minimum usage requirements or setup fees.

More Secure and Private Storage

  • The storage model proposed by Storj would operate in the manner similar to that of the internet itself, in the sense that there will be no control by a single entity over billions of devices in use. According to the Storj developers, the decentralization of the internet did not reach the management of data that come through it. Actually, these data are rather centralized and entrusted for storage to several global providers running a network of data centers. This comes with a variety of risks, including data breaches, global interruptions in the provision of services and higher storage costs.
  • Bytom aims to take on the popular cloud storage services such as Google Drive and Dropbox by reducing its reliance on the bandwidth or electricity resources available to data centers. It will offer temporary storage of large files which can be shared or distributed as part of point-to-point transfers.
  • Security and privacy would be ensured by the end-to-end encryption by which only the owners of files would be given access to their data, instead of having the companies exhibit full control over their documents. At the same time, the global distribution of files offered by Storj is also promoted as a more reliable solution compared to more centralized storage.

Better Scaling

  • In an age of rising demand for data storage resources, the Storj network promises more flexible scaling model. Storing exabytes of data can be challenging at the time when whole economies rely on their effective use. The Storj team went on to design a network which promises to meet the demand for faster data storage and larger formats, while leaving enough room to be eventually expanded in line with popular demand. With the help of its sharding technology, encryption and data distribution across the nodes, the Storj hopes to beat the traditional on-premise storage systems and offer better performance and reliability across the board.
  • Storj also wants to establish itself as the media transfer and backup platform. Going beyond the commercial cloud storage, the Storj developers are working on offering additional services for its platform. Its long-term storage support should make it suitable for the creation of archives and storage of backup and recovery files for regulatory or compliance purposes. At the same time, Storj wants to become a general-purpose media content delivery platform, with the support for the storage of large amounts of video, audio, photo and other files. They will be available for concurrent downloads based on their segmented and distributed nature.

How Does Storj Work?

Working out the manner in which the Storj network operates starts with its apparent similarity with the torrent technology. Torrents operate as peer-to-peer networks on which each stored file is split into numerous small segments which are then distributed to the users. The users both store and keep copies of the same file. A person desiring a copy sends a request to the network, in the hope of receiving fragments of the desired file from the users who have it (“seeds”). Finally, the torrent client software compiles the file pieces from different seeders and recreates the original file. A similar system is employed on the Storj network:

  • The process of division of files on the Storj network is called file sharding. Instead of sourcing an entire file from a single source, the Storj network will allow the user to download fragments of the desired file from several sources at the same time. This decentralized file transfer system should allow Storj to present itself as a faster downloading solution compared to other storage providers.
  • By breaking the files into pieces or shards, Storj removes the possibility of a single organization or company having access to complete files. While the torrents publish information on file pieces publicly, only the uploaders remain in the know regarding the location of files on the Storj. In this manner, the Storj wants to promote protection of privacy of the parties involved in the file transfer process.
  • Locating the shards of the original file on the Storj platform is the task of its distributed hash table technology of Kademlia.

Redundancy and Deletion Systems on Storj

The sharding system implemented by Storj faces several risks which the developers had to counter with the appropriate technologies. Knowing that file pieces are distributed to various computers on the Storj platform, the users may rightfully wonder what happens after some users decide to stop using Storj or shut down their systems for any reason. In order to prevent the lack of access to desired shards, the Storj platform has implemented a redundancy system on its network:

  • This system is based on the use of so-called parity shards. Storj will help the users determine the strength of the redundancy for each file they upload and create parity shards. Based on this, the system is supposed to shield the network from the unwanted loss of files.
  • Yet, the parity shard system can hardly function as a water-proof solution in the long run, when the loss of files becomes more likely with passing time. The Storj developers hope to counter this by organizing periodic audits and checkups of the network, while advising the users to do the same for their files whenever they want to reupload them.
  • At the same time, there are some concerns that Storj’s redundancy system might cause the network to become sluggish. In order to prevent this, the network has come up with a set of rules governing the deletion of files which get duplicated too many times as part of the redundancy system.

File Protection on Storj

One of the key differences separating the Storj network from torrent-based systems is the encryption of each piece of the desired file. This system was put into place to lower the risks of users getting unauthorized access to the files which are distributed as part of the platform’s sharding system:

  • The possibility that the users who have the file pieces may get insights into the content of shards may be problematic for those who feel that this may compromise sensitive information. This is the point at which the Storj calls upon its “tenants” or file uploaders to both compress and encrypt the files before submitting them to the sharding system. Encrypting is done by assigning a unique key to a single file.
  • Since the data gets encrypted with the user’s private key on their own device, the data hosts or “farmers” are prevented from knowing what a complete file actually contains. Instead of this, they will receive a piece of a larger file which has been encrypted and thus made unusable unless they get their hands on both the encryption key and the remaining shards.
  • Potential hackers wanting to gain illicit access to a desired file would have to find all of its shards, which is hardly possible without the private key. Unless they manage to somewhat persuade farmers to send their shards and steal the key from the tenant, they will be arguably powerless against this system.

What is the Storj Bridge System?

Being central to the platform’s decentralization and security efforts, the Storj’s network of tenants and private keys needs to be flexible enough to meet potential changes in the current technological landscape. One of the trends which may have an impact on the underlying Storj system is the tendency of users to switch their devices every now and then. Considering that the tenants have their encryption keys stored on local devices which may get changed, the Storj developers had to come up with the Bridge server architecture to account for the situations in which the users do not need to access files from the same device.

With that in mind, the Storj team went to develop and implement the Bridge server technology. It allows for the secure storage of the encryption keys on a dedicated server which holds the relevant metadata.. The Storj team hopes to see this technology implemented alongside the future file sharing system, as the identity verification and storage would both take place in the cloud.

Role of STORJ Token

The Storj token (STORJ) is the currency with which the payment operations on the Storj platform are managed. Fees paid by tenants are turned into funds which the farmer receive for providing both the storage and bandwidth resources to the main platform.

In order to make sure the payments reach the right address, the Storj requires farmers to verify the existence of shards which are sent to them. The Storj maintains a file audit and verification system which involves sending a request to farmers to which they need to respond. This system is called the Proof of Retrievability and relies on sending a Merkle challenge to the farmers on an hourly basis. They will be able to provide answers only if the shards kept on hard drives remain intact and free from tampering.

In case they attempt to modify or delete the file in question, all payments will be automatically stopped. To expand the existing system with additional incentives to play fairly, the Storj team will work towards establishing a dedicated reputation system for its farmer nodes. In 2018, the Storj network has been estimated to have around 40k active farmer nodes.

As of March 2019, the market cap for Storj stood at just above USD 30 million. More than 135 million tokens have been in circulation in the same period, out of the planned supply of 425 million units. While the Storj Labs company pre-mined its entire supply of tokens, the tokens can be acquired either by becoming a farmer or via trading on cryptocurrency exchanges such as Binance, Bittrex and others. STORJ is usually traded in combination with Bitcoin, Ether, Tether and other currencies. Since the STORJ is based on Ethereum, ERC-20 wallets are a suitable option for storing the acquired tokens.

Storj Team and Competitors

The Storj open source project was started in 2014, while the ICO took place in May 2017. The project shares the name with the Storj Labs company which is headed by the founder and CSO Shawn Wilkenson, Ben Golub (executive chairman) John Quinn (co-founder) and Philip Hutchins (CTO and principal architect). The core team has about 45 members with various professional backgrounds ranging from Bitcoin mining to managing startups.

In addition to cloud storage providers such as Dropbox, Google Drive and OneDrive, the main competitors of Storj include Siacoin, as yet another decentralized cloud storage platform, Filecoin and MaidSafe Coin.

Which products support STORJ? 

 Send/ReceiveTrading
Coinbase           ✔      ✔
Pro           ✔      ✔ 
Wallet           ✔     ✖️

What regions support STORJ? 

 USNYCANEUUKDESGJP
Coinbase    ✔  ✔ ✔  ✔ ✔ ✔✖️
Pro   ✔
  ✔ ✔  ✔ ✔ ✔✖️
Wallet  ✔ ✔  ✔ ✔ ✔✖️

 Crypto to fiat trading pairs

 USUKEU
USD ✔ ✖️ ✖️
GBP ✖️ ✖️
 ✖️
EUR ✖️ ✖️ ✖️

Note: Coinbase Wallet does not support direct bank transactions. You’ll need to transfer your crypto to Coinbase.com or send it to an external address in order to cash out.

Crypto to crypto trading pairs

 USDCBTCETHUSDT
STORJ     ✖️  ✔  ✖️
   ✖️

See the full list of countries that Coinbase supports for crypto-to-crypto trading.

Note: Only assets hosted on the Ethereum blockchain can be converted through the Coinbase Wallet mobile app at this time. Learn more about trading on Coinbase Wallet.

How many confirmations are needed for STORJ?

STORJ requires 35 network confirmations. Learn about transaction confirmations.

Which blockchain network hosts STORJ?

STORJ is hosted on Ethereum.

What are the minimum and maximum withdrawal amounts?

Coinbase has implemented safeguards to ensure a healthy and efficient network both on-chain and through our platform.  

These safeguards include both minimum and maximum amounts for each cryptocurrency we allow customers to send through the blockchain.

Minimum: 20 STORJ

Maximum: 275,000 STORJ

By CryptoNews and Coinbase

Published
Categorized as Hot Crypto

What is Alchemy Pay (ACH)?

I. What is AlchemyPay?

Wallet?

POS machine?

APP?

AlchemyPay is a payment consensus protocol system used to create “the world’s most adaptive decentralized (DeFi) encrypted payment ecological infrastructure”.

II. What are the characteristics of AlchemyPay?

Simple to use and highly adaptable

1. Use the simplest operation interface on the front end to allow the payee to realize cryptocurrency collection without too much learning;

2. Compatible with mixed payment of legal currency and encrypted currency;

3. Compatible with real-time exchange of different legal currencies and different cryptocurrencies;

4. Compatible with almost all mainstream payment methods such as POS, APP, and Web;

5. Compatible with almost all scenarios such as offline retail, e-commerce, online entertainment,

Alchemy Pay’s easy-to-use aggregated fiat currency payment channels

block transactions, supply chain finance, and transnational transactions.

III. Why can AlchemyPay be “easy to use and adaptable?”

Behind the simplicity is the fusion and pursuit of complex technologies: To achieve “easy to use, highly adaptable”, it is necessary to integrate dozens of complex technologies, and let the payee be in the front end with the simplest operation interface. Realize cryptocurrency collection without too much learning.

Technical advantages of AlchemyPay:

1. Blockchain network adaptation layer: Through the adaptation layer of the blockchain network, the AlchemyPay payment consensus protocol can be seamlessly deployed in various public chains; integrate LightningNetwork, RaidenNetwork, and StateChannelNetwork into an integrated network;

2. Commercialized payment based on various networks: zero-block secure payment confirmation technology; fast routing algorithm; multiple tokens multiplexing the same channel; lightning network channel capital intelligent balance; support for various payment modes, including PULLPAY, combination Payment, split account (split), batch collection/payment, etc.;

3. PULLPAY protocol: supports two payment modes of blockchain pre-authorization PULLPAY and lightning network PULLPAY to meet the needs of various subscription and repeat payment scenarios;

4. Cross-chain payment based on AtomicSwap: Cross-chain lightning payment is realized through AtomicSwap and PayChannel; many coins that do not support the Lightning Network support the Lightning Network through AtomicSwap and SubmarineSwaps to achieve fast payment; cross-chain combined payment of multiple blockchain currencies;

5. Machine learning-based risk control anti-fraud and quantitative transaction model: payment risk control anti-fraud based on machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms to ensure the security of the payment network; based on big data risk control to ensure the security of smart contracts; based on quantitative transaction models The collected cryptocurrencies are converted into stable currencies or mainstream currencies through a variety of quantitative strategies to hedge against the risk of currency price fluctuations and depreciation;

6. Smart contract template engine: Provides a visual and procedural smart contract customization interface, uses natural language to describe smart contract business rules, so that business personnel can understand and verify smart contract implementation logic; provide solutions to the smart contract and product level, Component-level, and interface-level packaging to meet application requirements at different levels and lower the threshold for smart contract use;

By integrating dozens of complex technologies, it provides various payment technology application solutions that are easy to use, safe and fast, and convenient to access for all kinds of developers who need digital currency payments, such as:

1. Game developers: SDKs that support mainstream fiat currency wallet payments and Crypto payments; RPG blockchain games based on StateChannel;

2. Wallet developers: With PULLPAY, offline merchants scan the QR code of the user’s wallet with a code scanner to directly deduct money; with PULLPAY, users will automatically deduct money from the user’s wallet after a certain deduction (such as a taxi);

3. DAPP developers: fiat currency and encrypted currency payment gateways for various DAPP applications; users directly use Token to pay, without ETH to pay for Gas;

4. E-commerce platform developers: use AlchemyPlugin/SDK/API to quickly have the ability to acquire legal currency and encrypted currency;

5. Payment service developer: quickly own a payment system of its own brand, support global mainstream fiat currency wallet payment, encrypted currency payment; based on the AlchemyPay platform, develop applications such as split accounts and local fiat currency C2C exchange;

6. Industry application developers: customer loyalty management developers, issue general points based on the Alchemy platform, and support general point consumption and exchange.

IV. What is the value of AlchemyPay?

Provide a set of feasible solutions for the further popularization of global digital currency.

1. Through the integration and optimization of technology, the problems of slow digital currency payment and excessive exchange rate volatility have been solved, and the feasibility of digital currency payment has been technically realized;

2. Through the combination of cryptocurrency and legal currency (users pay digital currency, merchants receive legal currency), it is customary to enhance the willingness of merchants to accept digital currency;

3. Through the upgrading of collection units and the continuous expansion of merchants through important companies with core resources, so as to create payment scenarios for digital currencies in the world;

V. On the basis of the AlchemyPay consensus agreement, which business sectors will be established?

Alchemy Pay Eco Map

1. Payment: establish a hybrid payment system combining digital currency and legal currency by integrating legal currency, digital currency, exchanges, and digital wallets;

2. Network (Merchant Network): By integrating banks, payment companies, SaaS companies, consumer groups, etc., who have merchant resources, it is enough to establish real digital currency transaction scenarios on a global scale;

3. DeFi (Decentralized Finance): Build an aggregated decentralized financial platform by integrating digital wallets and DeFi applications;

4. Trust (trusted assets): through the integration of banks, payment companies, and other channels, we propose a hybrid financial scoring system that combines digital currency and legal currency.

Remarks: AlchemyPay’s business segments are currently in their infancy. Among them, Payment and Network have been launched and put into application, while DeFi and Trust are still in the underlying technical architecture stage and have not yet been put into application.

VI. What achievements have been made in AlchemyPay’s business so far?

In the two major business segments of Payment (payment) and Network (merchant network) that have been launched, they are currently implemented in 18 countries and regions around the world and have more than 100,000 supporters in communities such as Telegram and Twitter. , Payment institutions, enterprises, digital currency exchanges, digital wallets, etc. to complete the integration.

Payment:

At present, it has integrated WeChat Pay, Alipay, Visa, Master, Dash, GrabPay, Nets, and other legal currency payment systems, and supports mainstream digital currencies such as BTC, ETH, USDT, BCH, BNB, and is compatible with hundreds of digital currency wallets such as ImToken and Trust. It has reached deep business cooperation with Binance, Huobi, Gemini, Celo, Cobo, and other well-known blockchain institutions on a global scale to jointly establish a digital currency payment ecosystem.

Network (Business Network):

At present, more than 2 million reserve merchants have been signed up, of which more than 3,000 are actually in operation. Access includes:

1. Shopify (an international e-commerce giant with a market value of more than 120 billion US dollars);

2. Arcadier (SaaS organization serving enterprises in more than 130 countries around the world);

3. QFPay Group (with more than 1.2 million merchants worldwide);

4. Singapore has more than 2500 business courtesy cars located in high-end consumer places such as airports, Universal Studios, and five-star hotels;

5. CeLaVi, the top floor of Singapore Sands Hotel, a global landmark;

6. The famous fashion brand Aldo;

7. Pricerite, a listed company on the Hong Kong Main Board, etc.

AlchemyPay embeds QFPay and Shopify’s digital currency payment

VII. Why can AlchemyPay contract more than 2 million reserve merchants?

AlchemyPay is different from traditional payment companies in terms of operation. It adopts a one-to-one contracting model. Instead, it cooperates with institutions with many merchant resources and adopts a 2B2C business model to find partners with merchant resources (such as payment institutions, SaaS companies), E-commerce groups, etc.), so that you can integrate as little as a few hundred, as many as tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands, or even millions of merchants.

VIII. Why does AlchemyPay issue ACH?

Use ACH to make payments in global stores

The purpose of ACH issuance is to govern the AlchemyPay ecosystem and promote the popularization of digital currency through the governance of the AlchemyPay ecosystem and rewards for early contributors to the system.

For example: At present, more than 2 million reserve merchants have been signed, and more than 3000 of them are actually in operation. Most of these merchants are connected directly before the issuance of ACH, so AlchemyPay needs to bear a lot of market costs and training costs, and It is very difficult to control budgets and distribute rewards reasonably; but after enabling ACH incentives, the value of ACH will be anchored with marketing costs, and supernodes (such as payment institutions, SaaS companies, e-commerce groups, etc.) will assume the market The responsibility of promoting and training nodes (merchants), the system will be based on the supernodes and nodes that accept digital currency payments, and will be rewarded based on the connection time, node level, and transaction volume, so as to promote the digital currency payment scene in the world more quickly set up;

IX. What behavior can obtain ACH?

1. Through the AlchemyPay payment system, supernodes (banks, payment companies, SaaS, etc.) and nodes (merchants), accept digital currency payments;

2. Merchants who use the AlchemyPay payment system choose to use digital currency instead of legal currency to pay;

3. Participate in specific activities or purchase specified goods on the platform supported by the AlchemyPay payment system;

Note: The 51% mining of ACH is expected to go online for half a year, that is, 2021.3.7. Before that, if the trial run reward is enabled, the monthly community & team incentive quota will be occupied.

What products support ACH? 

 Send/ReceiveTrading
Coinbase           ✔     ✔
Pro           ✔     ✔
Wallet           ✔      ✖️

What regions support ACH?

 US NY EUUKCASG
Coinbase ✔  ✔   ✔ ✔ ✔✖️
Pro ✔  ✔   ✔  ✔ ✔✖️
Wallet ✔  ✔   ✔  ✔ ✔

Crypto to fiat trading pairs

  USUKEU
USD   ✔ ✖️ ✖️
GBP ✖️✖️✖️
EUR ✖️✖️✖️

Note: Coinbase Wallet does not support direct bank transactions. You’ll need to transfer your crypto to Coinbase.com or send it to an external address in order to cash out.

Crypto to crypto trading pairs

 USDCUSDTBTCETH
ACH   ✖️  ✖️ ✖️ ✖️

See the full list of countries that Coinbase supports for crypto-to-crypto trading.

Note: Only assets hosted on the Ethereum blockchain can be converted through the Coinbase Wallet mobile app at this time. Learn more about trading on Coinbase Wallet.

How many confirmations are needed for ACH?

ACH requires 35 network confirmations. Learn about transaction confirmations.

Which blockchain network hosts ACH?

ACH is hosted on Ethereum.

What are the minimum and maximum withdrawal amounts?

Coinbase has implemented safeguards to ensure a healthy and efficient network both on-chain and through our platform.  

These safeguards include both minimum and maximum amounts for each cryptocurrency we allow customers to send through the blockchain.

Minimum: 0.000000000000000001

Maximum: 83,250,000

By Alchemy Pay and Coinbase

Published
Categorized as Hot Crypto

What is Kryll (KRL)?

Kryll is an online automated platform and currency (KRL) which was started in 2018 by Luca Benevolo. The aim was to help people to create their kryll trading strategies without the need for any particular skills. Users just have to connect their blocks in order to create their strategies. Word “Automated” solves many problems because Kryll does not require any management thanks to the algorithm for making everything automatic.

Kryll is not mineable and is based on the N/A algorithm and N/A coin proof type. It currently has a circulating supply of 31,638,781 coins and a total market cap of 19,581,024. Kryll ranks at position 765 of the crypto ranking list and its price currently trades around $0.61.

How Does Kryll Work?

The platform consists of 5 different parts which all together give us as a result the key for success. The first element is the strategy editor WYSWIT “What you see is what you trade”. The second element is the Marketplace where you can find all the automated strategies available to use. The next two parts are the Smart trading tool which many traders already use and the Swap tool. The last and most important tool is the Kryll mobile application.

WYSWIT

WYSWIT is the first tool you need in order to create your strategies using the most popular technic, flowcharts. There is no need to be an expert on trading strategies or even be a software developer for using this editor. All you need to do is just to place blocks by dragging and dropping them into the Kryll ecosystem and thus create your own decision flows. As you are done with the decision flows, you can make unlimited tests for free in order to be sure that your strategies are going to be profitable.

Marketplace

This is the place where users can publish their trading strategies and make them available for rent by other traders. Users who are unfamiliar with the creation of trading strategies can order one of the already existing strategies using the KRL coin. In that way, Publishers can have a passive income by just selling their knowledge. Also, renters can easily contact to publishers for further help in case they are not sure of what they are looking for.

Kryll MarketPlace Interface. Source: kryll.io

Smart Trading tool

This is the most powerful and smart feature that Kryll has invented for the users. The Smart trading tool allows users to execute already existing trading strategies simply. How does this work? All you need to do is just place the crypto pairs you wish to exchange and the amount of money you are willing to invest. After that, you have to choose at which price you wish the system to buy for you.

Swap Tool

Kryll.io focuses on making user’s life easier. The Swap tool will help you avoid the mess with the crypto exchange process. The tool allows users to exchange their cryptocurrencies through the Kryll platform without the need to sign in in order to complete the transaction. For instance, you can exchange Bitcoin to Ethereum directly on Kryll.io platform.

Kryll Mobile Application

The last and most useful tool is the Kryll Mobile Application which is available on smartphones or tablets. Using the app you can trade or even monitor your strategies remotely through your mobile phone. Besides, you can have full access to your portfolio and receive notifications for any kind of changes.

Advantages Of Using Kryll.Io

Trading 24/7: Not all users have free time to spend on their mobile phone checking whether their investment winning or not. One major advantage is the fact that Kryll.io offers automated trading.Besides, your bot/strategy will watch the market for you 24/7. While you are working or sleeping, the system will take care of the market movement and will react without your help.

Knowledge is not required: There are always people who are new in the industry and want somehow to start investing. Kryll is the solution to the problem thanks to the already existing strategies developed by experienced traders. In that way, beginners can rely on the community of users using their strategies for learning purposes. Besides, for those who are not in the mood of creating their own strategies, there is always an option to pay and use one of the existing strategies.

Responding time: Firstly, Trading is not an easy thing to deal with. Prices are constantly fluctuating (up and down) which works positively or negatively for traders depending on the situation. Secondly, users cannot be 24/7 in front of a screen monitoring price changes like bots do. Hence, there will always be chances that you might not be able to place an order due to inactivity. Finally, Kryll will solve those problems for you as automatic trading bots will instantly react to any chances they detect without your help.

Disadvantages Of Using Kryll.Io

Using trading bots may sometimes be risky. The cryptocurrency market is unstable due to the fluctuations happening to different coins. Till now, there is no such trading strategy that will always win for you as no strategy can remain unaffected to a highly volatile market. An automated trading bot is always executing your orders as it does not recognize what is true or false. As a result, repeating the same strategy even when the momentum is inappropriate could lead to huge losses.   

Kryll Token Price Prediction (2021,2022,2025)

According to the recent kryll historical data, analysts believe that the kryll token could trade at $0.40 by the end of 2021. One year later (2022), the coin could start re-gaining the lost ground moving the price above $0.49. If that happens, then the KRL currency could face a bullish cycle leading the price above $2.80 by the end of 2025.

How To Exchange Your BTC (BTC) To Kryll (KRL) Using InstaSwap?

First of all you have to choose KRL in the “You Get” section. Then, choose the method you wish to buy it with, “crypto” or “fiat”. As you are done with the first two steps, then you have to enter the Kryll wallet address you wish to receive your KRL tokens. You also have to add your refund wallet address (in case that something goes wrong) and you are almost ready to go.  Fill your email and press “Continue”. You will receive a verification code at your email address in the next few seconds which you can use only once in order to complete the transaction. Press “Continue” and enjoy the process. Send your deposit to a one-time address and you shall receive your exchanged coins in the next 10 minutes.

Which products support KRL? 

 Send/ReceiveTrading
Coinbase         ✖️     ✖️
Pro          ✔     ✖️
Wallet          ✔     ✖️

What regions support KRL? 

 USNYCANEUUKDESGJP
Coinbase   ✖️✖️  ✖️✖️✖️✖️✖️✖️
Pro   ✔ ✔   ✔ ✔ ✔✖️✖️✖️
Wallet ✔ ✔   ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔✖️

Crypto to fiat trading pairs

 USUKEU
USD  ✔ ✖️ ✖️
GBP ✖️ ✖️ ✖️
EUR ✖️  ✔  ✔

Note: Coinbase Wallet does not support direct bank transactions. You’ll need to transfer your crypto to Coinbase.com or send it to an external address in order to cash out.

Crypto to crypto trading pairs 

  USDCBTCETHUSDT
KRL   ✖️  ✖️ ✖️   ✔

See the full list of countries that Coinbase supports for crypto-to-crypto trading.

Note: Only assets hosted on the Ethereum blockchain can be converted through the Coinbase Wallet mobile app at this time. Learn more about trading on Coinbase Wallet.

How many confirmations are needed for KRL?

KRL requires 35 network confirmation. Learn about transaction confirmations.

Which blockchain network hosts KRL?

KRL is hosted on Ethereum. 

What are the minimum and maximum withdrawal amounts?

Coinbase has implemented safeguards to ensure a healthy and efficient network both on-chain and through our platform.  

These safeguards include both minimum and maximum amounts for each cryptocurrency we allow customers to send through the blockchain.

Minimum: 0.000000000000000001 KRL

Maximum: 534,874 KRL

By Nick Palm 

Published
Categorized as Hot Crypto

What is Shiba Inu (SHIB)?

Shiba Inu coin (SHIB) is an Ethereum-based ERC-20 token that has risen in popularity this year, largely because of its dog-themed ecosystem, speculation on its price by retail investors and strong community engagement. The official Shib Twitter account, for example, has over 1.2 million followers – more than leading crypto companies such as CardanoKraken and Solana.

The digital asset was inspired by the Japanese breed of dog of the same name, which sparked a viral meme trend in 2013 and subsequently led to the creation of the infamous dogecoin cryptocurrency. Shiba inu, along with dogecoin and the hundreds of other pet-inspired digital assets, have become collectively known in the industry as “meme coins.”

Ordinarily, a meme coin offers owners little to no utility compared with more established cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin and ether. In the case of Shiba Inu coin, however, there seems to be a legitimate attempt by the development team to provide more value to SHIB holders, including launching a decentralized exchange in July.

Notably, the desire to provide more utility to users has seen the self-proclaimed “doge killer” become the second-most popular meme coin in the market. And although the market capitalization of dogecoin is three times that of shiba inu at press time, the underdog project has managed to create and build up a large community in less than two years.

Read more: Why Shiba Inu Has Been More Resilient Than Some SHIB Haters Would Like to Admit

Key features of shiba inu coin

So other than being another doggy-themed cryptocurrency, what is the shib coin all about?

The first notable thing about Shiba Inu coin is its total supply. A total of 1 quadrillion SHIB tokens were minted during its official launch in 2020. A quadrillion is a number followed by 15 zeros. Some 50% of the supply of shiba inu was locked in Uniswap SHIB/ETH liquidity pool – a decentralized exchange where users deposit pairs of assets into liquidity pools that other investors can trade against. That is known as an automated market maker system.0 seconds of 5 minutes, 46 secondsVolume 90% 

Read more: What is an Automated Market Maker?

The other 50% of shib token’s supply was donated to Ethereum’s founder, Vitalik Buterin, who burned a vast majority of them by sending the tokens to a dead crypto wallet address. The remaining tokens (worth $1.2 billion at the time) were donated to an Indian COVID-19 relief cause and other charities.

The Shiba Inu coin universe also consists of a decentralized exchange, called Shibaswap, and two other tokens, “LEASH” and “BONE,” (see below.)

Finally, the community is also championing a rescue campaign for Shiba Inu dogs. All you need to do is make purchases on Amazon through smile.amazon.com and select Shiba Inu Rescue Association (a 501(c)3 as your preferred nongovernmental organization). This will allow a percentage of your purchase to be donated to a cause focusing on helping Shiba Inu dogs in need.

What is ShibaSwap?

Shibaswap is a decentralized exchange – a type of peer-to-peer trading platform similar to Uniswap that allows users to trade SHIB and other cryptocurrencies without an intermediary company. It also allows users to provide liquidity (deposit funds into pools that other traders can use to trade against) and stake tokens (deposit them into a smart contract) to earn interest using shib token and two additional ERC-20 tokens that exist in the Shiba ecosystem:

  • Bone ShibaSwap (ticker: BONE): Bone is designed to function as the platform’s governance token, with a total supply of 250 million coins. That means holders of bone tokens are able to propose and vote on changes to the Shiba protocol via its “Doggy DAO.” It’s also minted and rewarded to users who provide liquidity on the platform.
  • Doge Killer (ticker: LEASH): This was originally launched as a rebase token (also known as an elastic token), a type of token similar to an algorithmic stablecoin where the supply automatically increases and decreases via a computer algorithm to keep its price pegged to another asset. In this case, leash’s supply is adjusted to track the price of doge at a rate of 1/1,000.

For example, if the price of dogecoin was $0.05, the supply of leash would change (mint new tokens or destroy coins in circulation) to adjust the price of leash to $50.

Leash tokens have since been “unleashed,” and now no longer track the price of doge. With a scarce supply of just 107,647 tokens, leash has become the main store of value coin for many shiba inu owners.

ShibaSwap functions

On the ShibaSwap homepage, there are six functions available that incorporate the ecosystem’s three native coins, shib, leash and bone:

  • Dig: Digging is the liquidity pool function on the ShibaSwap platform. Here, users can deposit crypto assets in pairs to existing liquidity pools on the platform, or create their own. As a reward, liquidity providers receive ShibaSwap liquidity pool tokens (SSLP). Those tokens represent their share of liquidity in the pool and entitle holders to receive free bone tokens upon redemption.
  • Woof: “Woofing” is the function for redeeming bone rewards by cashing out SSLP tokens.
  • Bury: This refers to where users can stake their shib, leash and bone in order to generate high-interest yields paid in bone tokens. At press time, the rates were 171%, 266% and 814%, respectively. Once staked, users receive a token that represents their staked amount in xSHIB, xLEASH or xBONE.

33% of bone rewards from staking are available immediately, while the remaining 66% are locked up for six months.

  • Swap: This is the exchange feature of the ShibaSwap platform where users can swap between multiple assets.
  • Bonefolio: This is an analytics dashboard where users can explore current interest rates and track their yield returns.
  • NFTs: Here, users can trade 10,000 unique non-fungible tokens called “Shiboshis” – pixelated Shiba Inu dog cartoons similar to CryptoPunks with different traits, some rarer than others.

Who created SHIB coin?

Shiba Inu coin was launched in August 2020 as a direct competitor to Dogecoin. But unlike Dogecoin, the mysterious creator(s) of Shiba Inu, known as Ryoshi, made some design decisions that have since set the token apart. According to Ryoshi, SHIB has “the ability to outpace the value of dogecoin, exponentially, without ever crossing the $0.01 mark.” To put that into perspective, shib was trading for $0.00002831 at press time, which is a long way from $0.01. And yet, its market cap has already reached a third of Dogecoin’s market cap.

Read more: How Dogecoin Became So Popular

As noted above, following the launch of Shiba Inu, Ryoshi transferred half of the token’s total supply to Buterin, while the other half was locked in Uniswap, a decentralized exchange. As written in the project’s white paper, which the shib community calls the woofpaper, the goal was to transfer ownership of 500 trillion SHIB to Buterin with the hope he would lock them away forever.

The Elon Musk effect

The launch of Shiba Inu failed to gain traction at the beginning, but it began to make a splash around the same time Tesla CEO Elon Musk and other prominent individuals started to take interest in Dogecoin. Tech billionaire Musk in particular has been one of the most vocal supporters of Dogecoin. Dubbed the “Dogefather,” Musk was even voted as the project’s new unofficial CEO.

In the run-up to his appearance on “Saturday Night Live” in May, Musk hinted that he would mention Dogecoin during the show. That fuelled an unprecedented dogecoin price rally, which boosted the value of shib.

In five days, the price of shib increased by over 2,000%. The coin subsequently experienced a price slump along with the market-wide crash sparked by Musk’s announcement that Tesla would no longer accept bitcoin as a form of payment. It would later recover some of the lost value in the first week of October when Musk shared the picture and name of his new Shiba Inu puppy. All in all, SHIB’s price gained over 27,000,000% from January to October.

What products support SHIB?

 Send/ReceiveTrading
Coinbase           ✔      ✔
Pro           ✔      ✔
Wallet           ✔     ✖️

What regions support SHIB?

 USNYCANEUUKDESGJP
Coinbase✖️  ✔ ✔✖️✖️
Pro ✔✖️  ✔ ✔ ✔✖️✖️
Wallet ✔  ✔ ✔ ✔✖️

Crypto to fiat trading pairs

  USUKEU
USD   ✔  ✖️ ✖️
GBP ✖️ ✖️ ✖️
EUR ✖️ ✖️✖️

Note: Coinbase Wallet does not support direct bank transactions. You’ll need to transfer your crypto to Coinbase.com or send it to an external address in order to cash out.

Crypto to crypto trading pairs

 USDCUSDTBTCETH
SHIB   ✖️  ✔ ✖️ ✖️

See the full list of countries that Coinbase supports for crypto-to-crypto trading.

Note: Only assets hosted on the Ethereum blockchain can be converted through the Coinbase Wallet mobile app at this time. Learn more about trading on Coinbase Wallet.

How many confirmations are needed for SHIB?

SHIB requires 35 network confirmations. Learn about transaction confirmations.

Which blockchain network hosts SHIB?

SHIB is hosted on Ethereum.

What are the minimum and maximum withdrawal amounts?

Coinbase has implemented safeguards to ensure a healthy and efficient network both on-chain and through our platform.  

These safeguards include both minimum and maximum amounts for each cryptocurrency we allow customers to send through the blockchain.

Minimum: 0.000000000000000001

Maximum: 36,475,051,065

By Andrey Sergeenkov

Published
Categorized as Hot Crypto

屎币跻身市值前十

CoinGecko平台数据显示,SHIB市值已超过了股票和加密交易平台 Robinhood,达到369亿美元,而 Robinhood (HOOD) 市值为 300 亿美元,欧洲银行业巨头法国兴业银行和德意志银行市值分别为280 亿美元、260 亿美元。SHIB在 CoinGecko 上成为第九大加密货币,超过了主要竞争对手狗狗币,年初至今涨幅近 40 倍。

加密货币交易所

与狗狗币的诞生一样,SHIB 的创建本身就是一个笑话,目前的代币供应量高达数百万亿枚,因此每枚代币的价格相对较低。

SHIB 不断创下历史新高,其背后的真正原因是什么?

Shiba Inu价格和交易量飙升的三个原因包括:在多家交易所上市,推出自己的Shiboshi NFT系列,以及 SHIB 在衍生品交易所的未平仓合约激增。

过去一个月帮助 SHIB 价格上涨的最大因素之一是用户对该代币的敞口增加,这得益于它在多个加密货币交易所上市。

第二个原因是Shiba Inu推出了自己的NFT系列,称为Shiboshi’s。现在,所有 Shiboshi 都已铸造并在 OpenSea NFT 市场上市。

加密货币交易所

SHIB 走强的第三个原因是,OKEx、FTX 和火币等多个交易所的期货未平仓合约 (OI) 激增。

加密货币交易所

如上图所示,随着 SHIB 的价格飙升至历史新高,SHIB 的 OI 从 10 月 3 日的 1570 万美元飙升至 10 月 27 日的创纪录高位1.7895亿美元。

根据市场分析师 Marcel Pechman 的说法,“未平仓合约似乎跟随价格上涨,而不是实际增加。”

值得注意的是,尽管在牛市行情期间,卖家平仓通常是意料之中的,但在最近的上涨行情中,这种情况并没有发生,这意味着交易员要么通过增加保证金将空头翻倍,要么就是那些做市商进行了充分的对冲,不在乎价格。

Pechman说,“多头利润丰厚,因此他们更容易继续购买现货并推高价格。似乎没有“真正的”卖空者,只有做市商。如果出现巨额清算,未平仓合约就会减少。”

SHIB最近的价格飙升背后有一股新力量。

区块链数据显示,虽然 SHIB 继续吸引全球的散户投资者,但更老练的加密货币交易员正在推动最新的涨势。

Nansen 研究分析师 Daniel Khoo 表示,自本周初以来,被区块链数据公司 Nansen 标记为“聪明钱”的地址开始购买 SHIB。购买主要集中在过去7天,金额约1.6亿美元。

被标记为“聪明钱”的地址包括通过在去中心化金融 (DeFi) 协议中提供流动性和采矿流动性以及投资于加密货币的公共实体而赚取超过 100,000 美元利润的交易者,以及投资于加密货币的公共实体。

Khoo 说:“这让我很震惊。”并补充说,他没想到SHIB会靠“聪明钱”积累起来。

Santiment的数据显示,自10月初以来,价值至少100万美元的SHIB交易开始增加。随着 SHIB 的价格上涨,鲸鱼活动在过去几周内连续多天飙升。

据CoinGecko称,在中心化交易所,SHIB的交易量主要来自Binance、Coinbase和BKEX。

谷歌趋势还揭示了关于Shiba Inu的另一个有趣的事实:尽管中国实施了加密货币交易禁令,但其交易员对SHIB表现出了难以抑制的兴趣,几乎与美国的同行一样高。

在过去一周中,中国搜索查询“SHIB”的值为 98,而美国为 100。100分代表最高人气,在给定时间范围内观察到的一个词的最大搜索量。这意味着越来越多的人在网上浏览关于SHIB的信息。

美国最大的加密货币交易所Coinbase目前正在遭遇宕机,截至发稿时,该网站已离线超过 15 分钟,网站状态页面显示遇到了“连接问题”。业内分析师推测,宕机与SHIB交易热潮有关,仅在 Coinbase 平台,SHIB的交易量就已超过 50 亿美元。

By 比推

屎币高涨让Meme币成为市场宠儿

在比特币大跌至58000美元附近时,SHIB创下发行1年多以来的历史最高纪录0.000088美元,24小时最高涨幅60%,该加密资产从上周末开始不断突破前高,370亿美元的总市值已经超越了Meme板块诞生最早的资产DOGE,挤到进加密资产市值排行榜的前十名,位列第九。

加密资产

Meme板块市值前10中有7种资产在周内呈涨势

SHIB逆势上涨也带动了Meme币齐飞。数据网站Coingecko收录了73种Meme币中,有31个在24小时内处于上涨状态,该板块的总市值为744亿美元,占加密资产市场总市值的2.8%。

尽管占比很小,但这个占比是过去24小时内上升了13.8%后的结果,足见Meme币近期对市场资金的新引力。当然,SHIB在其中拔得头筹,成为近日多个交易所中交易量最大的加密资产,甚至超过了比特币和以太坊的交易量。

从今年开始,Meme币成为加密资产市场中的一个热门类别,它们大多基于网络社交环境下的段子、讽刺甚至是因名人效应而创建,比如,狗狗币DOGE就来自于创始人对加密货币的讽刺,而柴犬币SHIB的诞生动因之一是打击「毫无应用价值」的DOGE,一个名为Floki的代币干脆用了特斯拉创始人马斯克的宠物狗名字。

这类Meme币常被加密圈称作「动物币」,其中「狗概念」占据了其中大部分,它们往往以动物的卡通形象作为Logo,发行量如同动物的繁衍能力一样大,相对价值也更低。发行量在1000亿的SHIB,其初始价格一度低至小数点后10位。由于价格低,Meme币受到了资金体量较小的用户欢迎,持有者期待在市场炒作周期中以小博大,投机情绪明显。

今年4月到5月期间,DOGE在马斯克的喊单后不断上涨,带动了各种Meme币对标般的价格竞争,形成了一股「消0游戏风」,散户的市场资金在价格狂欢中涌入。但在「5·12」比特币大崩盘后,它们也快速下跌,不少Meme币90%的跌幅让很多持有者遭遇亏损。加密资产的投资者因此加固了一种规律性印象,过去是山寨币大涨意味市场见顶,如今是Meme币大涨释放见顶信号。

巧合的是,这一次SHIB大涨之时,比特币、以太坊等主流加密资产又进入了下跌通道。

Delphi Digital 的分析师在周一发布的一份市场报告中表示,「狗概念币再次上涨,这在历史上一直是市场过热的一个迹象……狗概念币第一次疯狂是在今年 4 月至 5 月,随着加密货币市场的降温,它迅速下跌。9 月初,这类概念币再次风靡一时,更广泛的加密货币市场出现了相当深度的去杠杆化。」

SHIB这类资产的活动激增表明投机热情可能正在达到临界点,「加密恐惧和贪婪指数回到了我们自 3 月初以来从未见过的高位,正式标志着『极端贪婪』水平。」Delphi Digital后来的市场更新分析中表示。

截至10月28日,比特币的「恐惧与贪婪指数」从上周「极度贪婪」的82下降至今日的73,但仍处于「贪婪」范畴,而Meme币的表现已经诠释了贪婪的一面,投机情绪过热的警报已经拉响。

By 蜂巢财经

5部帮助理解比特币的电影

比特币ETF掀起狂潮之际,许多投资者都纷纷转向加密货币市场,但仍然有多种声音诉说着,他们实际上对比特币与各种新兴虚拟货币的理解不深。而出色的纪录片与电影,是切入新形态投资与布局的好角度,也能激发投资者重新思考自身的局限性。

《圣人大盗》

这部电影并不是着重在区块链与加密货币的知识面,而是抨击现有金融体系与上位者权力的丑陋。与其说,看完这部片会让你认识区块链,不如说看完这部片会让你“想”认识区块链,是加密货币市场入门的好选择。

《比特币:塑造未来》

这部在2017年上传的纪录片,将会是读者在无法适应英文纪录片的观看时,最好解读对中国市场的看法,以及中国加密货币市场发展的好视频。这是目前看下来,对比特币的探讨最完整的中文纪录片。整部影片的内容由中国加密货币产业内的领头人士,包括比特大陆创始人、火币创始人、ViaBTC首席执行官等。对比特币的观点所构成,并讲述了许多早期(本片拍摄于2017年)的比特币中国市场、矿业发展与比特币社群等内容,有助于观众站在业内人士的角度了解过去没有经历过的比特币。

《Bitcoin:Beyond The Bubble》

如果你对比特币的概念很感兴趣,但是却不知道该从何开始,那么这部纪录片将会非常适合你。在短短35 分钟时间里,将复杂的加密货币知识简单化,精闢的概述比特币的原理、特性与价值所在。不单单是如此,片中也包含许多学者与专家对比特币的观点。总体而言,这部片简单易懂,节奏也不会让人感到沉闷。最重要的是,其所传达的都是优质且中性的正确观念,对新手而言相当有帮助。

《Trust Machine:The Story of Blockchain》

单看这纪录片的英文主题名称,就能快速理解到,这是一部以区块链技术为重点的纪录片。片中虽然能有部分内容是在讲述加密货币,但其馀大部分都是讲述区块链技术和去中心化的发展,以及该技术在解决现实世界中的重要问题,像是飢荒和收入不平等时,能够发挥什么作用。读者在观看完后,相信将对区块链解放的“去中心化”革命有更深刻的体悟。

《Bitcoin:The End of Money as We Know It》

这部电影在阿姆斯特丹电影节上赢得2015年评审团特别奖,电影主要思维着重于对“货币”的探讨。从远古时代到现代金融体系,货币经历了无数次的演变,每一次的演变都是对旧有系统与价值观的挑战。而比特币以去中心化、抗审查与非实体等特性挑战传统的银行和货币系统,只是历史长河中的其中一次货币演变,通过这部片读者将能够了解,比特币在现代世界中蕴含的巨大潜力。

除了上述所提到的5部纪录片与电影,市面上仍然还有许多值得大家一看的纪录片,特别是《The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin》 和《Banking on Bitcoin》,都是许多加密货币爱好者推荐的选择,期盼这些纪录片能够帮助读者,从头开始了解加密和区块链技术的潜力和重要性。

By 秉斯克

债券巨头Pimco已涉足加密货币

债券巨头太平洋投资管理公司(Pimco)首席投资官Daniel Ivascyn表示,该公司已涉足加密货币,并计划逐步加大对数字资产的投资,这些资产有可能颠覆金融业。

Ivascyn表示:“现在,我们正在考虑将某些加密货币的交易作为趋势跟踪策略或量化策略的一部分,然后在基本面方面做更多工作。”“所以这将是一个渐进的过程,我们花了大量时间进行内部调查,与投资者交谈。我们将在这个快速发展的领域采取小步行动。”

在他发表上述言论之际,比特币周三创下历史新高,此前美国首只比特币期货交易所交易基金(ETF)成功推出。它被广泛视为新兴加密行业的一个里程碑,该行业长期以来一直在推动华尔街对数字货币的更大接受度。

Ivascyn表示,Pimco的一些对冲基金投资组合已经在交易加密相关证券。

“我们从相对价值的角度进行交易。所以我们没有定向敞口,但我们希望利用现金产品、在交易所交易的大众信托和期货之间的错误定价。”“所以这是我们在一个非常狭窄的业务领域的起点。”

越来越多的机构开始拥抱数字代币。

贝宝(PayPal)和富达(Fidelity)等大型金融公司已进军加密货币领域,而Square和MicroStrategy等公司则利用自己的资产负债表购买比特币。摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)是首家向客户提供比特币基金的银行,高盛(Goldman Sachs)很快也宣布了自己的计划。

Ivascyn说:“你必须理解去中心化金融,因为它将具有破坏性,而且很可能会颠覆我们的行业,特别是我们的业务。”该公司“正在考虑如何应对这种情况,以确保我们有竞争力地准备好应对快速变化的环境,这提供了相当重要的价值主张,特别是对年轻一代,或投资社区的新一代。”

太平洋投资管理公司(PIMCO)简介:

太平洋投资管理公司(PIMCO)是目前世界上最大的债券经纪公司,主要业务包括策略投资、国际并购、资产重组、私募融资、资本运作、境外股票发行、首次公开募股及反向收购上市等,其原本是太平洋保险公司的一个投资部门。

1982年,PIMCO开始独立运营,当时总资产已经高达20亿美元,其创始人为比尔·格罗斯和穆罕默德·埃尔·埃利安,二者同为“联席总裁”,前者为首席投资官,后者为首席执行官。

1987年,格罗斯成为PIMCO旗舰基金“总回报基金”的操盘人,该基金的总规模一度高达2000亿美元,为全球最大的债券型基金,成立之后的20年间该基金的年化回报率高达9.4%;2014年9月底,格罗斯宣布从PIMCO离职,加盟骏利资本,离职前及离职后,总回报基金连续将近30个月出现资本净流出。

在素有“债券大王”之称的格罗斯离职后,总回报基金由马克·凯瑟尔、斯科特·马瑟和米希尔·诺赫共同执掌,三人采用与格罗斯完全相反的策略。资料显示,在格罗斯离职后,总回报基金的收益率远远高于格罗斯新管理的基金“骏利全球无约束债券基金”,而需要注意的是,前者的规模在资本连续几个月净流出之后仍然高达1250亿美元,而后者仅15亿美元左右,操作的难易程度是显而易见的。

那么,格罗斯此前的战绩及“债券大王”的桂冠是如何得来的呢?在PIMCO和格罗斯之间,到底是谁成就了谁? 格罗斯其人:数学天才

在从PIMCO离职之前,比尔·格罗斯是公认的“债券大王”,因为当时无人能与其争锋,但随着格罗斯的离职,分析师开始将其在骏利资本的业绩与PIMCO新管理人的业绩进行对比,“债券大王”的桂冠随之变得黯淡无光,继而双线资本首席执行官杰弗里·冈拉克声名鹊起,市场上有了“新债王”和“老债王”之别。

尽管如此,比尔·格罗斯的影响也是市场有目共睹的,而其“语不惊人死不休”的言论方式更是为市场侧目。

然而,有谁知道,格罗斯其实本来是想做一个股票分析师,而且曾经在拉斯维加斯嗜赌成性。

格罗斯涉足资本市场肇始于一本《战胜庄家》的财经书籍。1966年,还在杜克大学攻读学士学位的格罗斯因车祸住院,此后很长一段时间都是在医院接受手术,住院期间他阅读了《战胜庄家》这本炒股入门类书籍,并被“风险最小化的同时实现利益最大化”的观点折服。

格罗斯认为,书中所讲述的方法也适用于赌场,因此毕业之后他每天花费16个小时在拉斯维加斯研究纸牌赌博理论,并在6个月的时间内将200美元本金翻至10000美元。

在越南服役两年之后,格罗斯以赢来的10000美元作为学费在加州大学洛杉矶分校攻读MBA学位,目标是成为一名股票经理人,但毕业之后只有太平洋保险公司的债券投资部给他伸出了橄榄枝,而格罗斯原本是希望以此为跳板进入股票市场。

当时,债券投资就是“买入并持有以收取利息”,并且通胀和经济不景气导致债券投资无利可图,也是债券管理人最黑暗的岁月,而格罗斯主动向老板请缨,希望能独立操作一笔资金。

最终,公司老板给了格罗斯1500万美元,他采用了主动交易风格进行债券投资,4年后其管理的资金已经达到4000万美元,尤其是1975年,很多债券管理人都因为市场而痛苦不堪,而格罗索却实现了17.6%的收益率,接下来的一年更是达到了18%,而这已经超过股票市场的平均收益率,也成为格罗斯“债券大王”荣誉的基石。

格罗斯认为,在变幻莫测的债券市场中,有一种必然性的因素,即数学统计的精确性,在获取所有债券的平均到期日之后,通过一个数学公式,就可以得出一段时间内债券价格对于利率波动的敏感度,这是一种衡量债券投资风险的简单公式,债券期限越长,其利率敏感度就越大。

与股神沃伦·巴菲特不同,比尔·格罗斯经常预测市场,并且从中斩获颇丰。

20世纪70年代,债券市场经历了长达10年的熊市,大部分基金经理已经完全崩溃,而格罗斯认为,当时的石油危机已经造成了严重的通胀,美联储连续加息,联储基金利率一度高达15%,因此美联储很快就会降息,债券市场将逐步进入牛市,据此,PIMCO开始不断购入公司债券,并在10年中盈利高达40亿美元。

1977年,格罗斯成为美国电话电报公司自有资金的固定收益投资管理人;1987年,格罗斯所管理的资产超过200亿美元,当年PIMCO成立“总回报基金”,由格罗斯操刀,而他选取了很多蓝筹股基金,并不再仅仅局限于投资于债券。

2000年,从1982年开始一直独立运营的PIMCO被德国安联集团收购,后者以35亿美元收购PIMCO的70%股权。

德国安联集团是全球领先的综合性保险和资产管理公司,以保费收入衡量为欧洲最大的保险公司,财产险保费收入长期位居全球首位,寿险保费收入也曾经多次蝉联全球第一;通过收购,德国安联集团已经成为全球前五大资产管理集团。

21世纪初,格罗斯认为美国即将出现经济衰退,而导火索就是美联储为抑制经济过热而采取的加息举措,PIMCO据此将100亿美元的公司债转换为美国政府支持的住房抵押债券,并在数月之后破灭的互联网泡沫中狂赚5亿美元。 2006年,格罗斯再次成功预测美国的次贷危机。

比尔·格罗斯曾经入选《福布斯》杂志评选的年度“最具影响力25位美国企业家”及年度“十佳杰出商界领袖”,当年只有两位投资界人士同时入选这两个奖项,另外一位是沃伦·巴菲特。

有股神之称的沃伦·巴菲特曾经表示其每个月都会看比尔·格罗斯的月度投资展望,“我每个月都急于看到比尔·格罗斯的评述,他文笔生动、条理清晰、见解独到。”而有“金融史学家”和“金融大师”之称的哈佛大学教授彼得·L·伯恩斯坦却表示,格罗斯对股市和债市的影响甚至要大于这位股神。 既然巴菲特和伯恩斯坦都对格罗斯推崇备至,那么格罗斯在最新的月度展望中又会告诉我们一些什么呢? 格罗斯最新观点:加倍下注

在2016年10月份的月度投资展望中,格罗斯重申了此前的一贯观点,即各国央行超常规的货币宽松正在摧毁资本主义赖以运作的根本,也就是“储蓄与投资的关系”。

他说道:“20多岁时,我是拉斯维加斯的第一批21点玩家,深知玩家不可能战胜庄家,但很多人意识不到这一点,全球各国央行今天也遇到了同样的困境,它们在制定货币政策时与赌场的玩家一样过于简单地采用了同样策略,现在欧洲央行和日本央行的政策利率都为负,导致超过15万亿美元的发达经济体债券处于负利率区间。”

对于当前全球资本市场所面临的形势,格罗斯认为,金融市场已经变成了赌场,赌注就是各国央行无限制地提供信用并成功促使全球经济再通胀,但这会导致名义GDP上升而实际GDP下降。

2008年金融危机以来,全球央行的资产负债表已经累积扩张15万亿美元,理论上央行可以无限制印钞并继续扩张资产负债表,而在信用扩张的过程中,央行及其分支机构实际上是有利可图的,而目前的通胀率距离央行设定的2%(甚至更高)还有一定的差距,因此,央行会继续不断地加倍下注。

然而,格罗斯认为,已经有越来越多的经济学家、央行官员、企业CEO(例如摩根大通CEO杰米·戴蒙)意识到,长期维持较低甚至为负的利率会不断侵蚀甚至破坏促进经济增长的“储蓄-投资”传统商业模型,它会对背负长期债务且资金不足的机构的偿付能力造成不利影响,例如,银行、保险公司和养老基金,当前货币政策的延续最终将导致资本破坏,而不是资本创造。各国的央行行长都宣称,“我们的目标是在短期内推动经济增长,通过资本市场的提振而传导至实体经济。”格罗斯认为,央行这一观点的前提是,市场需要等待正常化的到来,即使达到了正常化,投资者也要接受收益率大幅低于历史平均水平的“新新常态”,而且,央行的继续下注很可能会引燃全球金融市场的黑天鹅事件。他说,“在某个时点,内心忐忑的投资者可能忍受不了零收益甚至负收益,而抛弃复杂的标准金融产品,转而追求收益率更高或者风险更小的替代品,例如,包括比特币在内的各种数字化货币。”

格罗斯认为,央行目前的政策正在破坏资本主义本身,随着央行购买资产的增加,并继续在相当长的时间内维持零利率或者负利率,则必将进一步抑制资本主义的主要功能,即基于风险收益关系的有效资源分配。

By 夏洛特